Extracurricular Activities in a Student’s Life Essay

Extracurricular activities can empower students to make their own decisions and help them gain vital experience and skills to lead them on the path to their future. The Facts According to the Montana State University Extension Service, students involved in extracurricular activities are more likely to become leaders, more willing to complete tasks, more willing to voice opinions, and more likely to graduate from high school and have annual incomes of more than $50,000. Extracurricular activities are also a good way to explore social, political, and career interests. Gain Experience through Extracurricular Activities Extracurricular activities help students gain experience in a variety of areas that will enhance their future. Through participation in sports, students learn cooperation, teamwork and time management. By serving as an officer in an organization, students learn responsibility, problem solving and communication. Extracurricular activities can also help students discover hidden talents, meet people they might otherwise not encounter, and learn about things outside their own environment. How to Choose an Activity But which activities should a student choose? Should they choose activities that use talents they already possess and meet people with similar talents, or should they choose something new and different and meet people who possess different opinions and skills? Some students are comfortable with growth while others will feel more comfortable with familiarity. If a student enjoys outdoor activities, he or she may want to look into archery clubs, horseback riding or other sports. If a student enjoys reading he or she may also enjoy literary clubs, writing clubs or journalism activities. Extracurricular activities are also a good way to learn appreciation for new and different activities. A student who would ordinarily choose football or baseball might think about exposing themselves to archery or bird watching. Choosing something outside a student’s comfort zone widens horizons and expands knowledge. Being open to new avenues by joining the newspaper staff, the computer club or the decorative painter’s club will expose students to new people and new ideas. What Activities Are Available? Activities can be found by checking with school counselors, reading the club section of the local newspaper, calling the Chamber of Commerce, asking other students what activities they are involved in and checking with area churches. Information on volunteer activities can often be obtained from community service organizations or teachers. Teachers can be a wealth of information concerning work-study programs, internships and summer jobs; all of which help students build their resume and gain valuable experience in their career field. If a student has already chosen a career path, extracurricular activities can help pave the way. If he or she is interested in teaching science, being an officer in the science club or entering the local science fair can show commitment. Community service at a nearby pharmacy or volunteering at a lab at a nearby hospital or plant can also give experience in the chosen field and can be included on a resume. Ask Questions It’s important to inquire about the organization. Is there a cost involved? Will participants be asked to raise money? How often does the organization meet? Are evenings and weekends involved? Are outside activities required? How many hours will the organization’s activities entail? Checking school and work schedules should also be done before joining any organization. Extracurricular activities are important, but they shouldn’t take up all of a student’s time outside the school day. There should still be time for homework, chores, relaxing, and spending time with friends and family. A combination of all these are an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Extracurricular activities should complement a student’s life, not complicate it. When students are involved in too many activities or in an activity that takes up too much time, students will become stressed and grades and family relationships begin to suffer. Students should be careful not to overextend themselves by taking on too many activities or volunteering for too many jobs or committees in an organization. Serving as an Officer of an Organization Serving as an officer of an organization can also teach a variety of skills. Leadership and management responsibilities can be gained through serving as President. Recorders or Secretaries gain experience in writing and journalism. Treasurers gain bookkeeping and money handling experience. Each office holds valuable skills that can be used in the future. Many students who ran for Student Body President of their school have gone on to become Chief Executive Officer of an organization or President of their own company. Running for office also gives students experience in campaign management, advertisement and people skills. Some students may choose to get to know an organization better before becoming an officer. They will still have opportunities to serve on committees or volunteer for projects throughout the year. Teamwork, communication and organization skills are all gained by serving on a committee or working on a club project. Commitment Learning to stick with an activity from start to finish is another important lesson of extracurricular activities. Once a commitment to a club, activity or committee is made, students should hang in there even if the activity isn’t quite what they expected. By learning to see activities through to the end, students learn valuable lessons they will use later in life. They will be less likely to drop out of school, less likely to quit a job and less likely to walk away from a relationship prematurely. Gain Vital Experience and Skills for the Future Experience gained from extracurricular activities will follow students throughout their lives. It is surprising to note that when the top two candidates in the running for a job are closely matched, something like â€Å"Eagle Scout† listed on their resume can help decide the tie. Prestigious honors like National Honor Society, English Honor Society or Gamma Beta Phi are noticed by potential employers. They look for competent workers that are go-getters and are willing to get involved and go the extra mile. Even something like Scouting or 4-H tells employers about the person behind the resume. Taking the time to get involved in extracurricular activities will benefit students in a variety of ways. Time away from the school day through participation in extracurricular activities can also serve as an outlet for stress and a way to build confidence and self-esteem. Students need encouragement to pursue their dreams. Not only will it empower them to make their own decisions, they will also be given a chance to gain vital experience and skills that will lead them on the path to their future.

Analysis of Colours and Human Response Towards User Dining Experiences

Chapter 1.0 Introduction THE WHY, WHAT, AND HOW OF AN ANALYSIS OF COLOURS AND HUMAN RESPONSE TOWARDS USER DINING EXPERIENCE IN MODERN KOPITIAM. 1.1 What is Colour? We all live in a universe where coloring material plays an of import function in our mundane life. Colour affects us in every facet of life. Everything we can see has a coloring material. Colour surrounds us, in our places, work, in nature, in infinite ; it is cosmopolitan were everything has a coloring material. Colour, or the construct of coloring material, can be approached from different subjects and different positions as we see because it is really diverse such as from cognizing that a fruit is mature to eat, to understanding how color can impact our tempers and how does the receiver really response to it. Colour is the belongings possessed by an object, infinite, or surfaces that produces different esthesiss on the oculus as a consequence of the manner the object reflects or emits visible radiation and how does the oculus recognizes while the encephalon interprets. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.colourtherapyhealing.com/colour/ ) Colour is merely light of different wavelengths and frequences and visible radiation is merely one signifier of energy that we can really see that is made up from photons surrounded by electromagnetic moving ridges of energy of which coloring material is merely a little portion. Each coloring material has its ain belongingss with its ain wavelength and frequence that forms the seeable spectrum of coloring material as we see it, which consist of seven chief colorss: violet, anil, blue, green, xanthous, orange and ruddy. The retinas in our eyes have 3 types of coloring material receptors in the signifier of cones. We can really merely detect three of these seeable colorss – ruddy – blue and green. These colorss are called linear primaries. It is our encephalons that interprets and mixed the three detected linear primaries: ruddy, bluish and green to make all of the other colors we see. The wavelength and frequence of visible radiation we see, besides influences the coloring material we see. Colour is made up of different wavelength and frequences with each coloring material has its ain peculiarly wavelength and frequence. Each coloring material can be measured in units of rhythms or moving ridges per second. The seven colorss of the spectrum all have changing wavelength and frequences ensuing different reading by the encephalon affects the manner human response towards colorss such as, ruddy is at the lower terminal of the spectrum and has a higher wavelength but lower frequence to that of Violet at the top terminal of the spectrum which has a lower wavelength and higher frequence. Hypothesis 1: Different types of coloring material used will impact the consumer’s perceptual experience and degree of satisfaction in modern kopitiam. Hypothesis 2: Different types of coloring material used will impact the consumer’s behaviour in modern kopitiam? 1.2 What Is Colour Psychology? How Does it Affect Human Response? Since coloring material is portion of our mundane life it is besides a portion of many scientific disciplines — – for illustration, natural philosophies, coloring material theory, and art as it can be introduced in assorted ways. The artist’s attack to color might be different from the physicist’s or the psychologist’s — – although the creative person is closer to the psychologist than he thinks. I would wish to present coloring material to you from the position point of psychological science. ( Mahnke 1996, p6 ) The psychologist Ulrich Beer wrote: Seldom, certainly, is the psychological portion of an visual aspect in nature so great as it is in the instance of coloring material. No 1 can meet it and remain impersonal. We are instantly, instinctively, and emotionally moved. We have sympathy or antipathy, pleasance or disapproval within us every bit shortly as we perceive colorss. ( Beer 1992, p11 ) Beer has concluded that primary psychological reaction we worlds have toward coloring material. Which psychological science is the scientific discipline that trades with the head, with mental and emotional procedures, with particular mention to behavior, provided it is understood that behavior includes ideas, feelings, and dreams — – anything a individual experiences. These experiences have their roots in witting, subconscious, and unconscious procedures. Coloring material is besides a portion of the witting, subconscious, and an experience that is built-in to human behaviour as we all know coloring material is widely known that coloring material has a really existent consequence on people. The right or incorrect pick of coloring material can do a large difference to the success of your concern and the messages that you are seeking to convey to your prospective clients or clients. While the use of coloring material in different juncture ensuing different result towards the resident that occupies it. For illustration what types of coloring material to utilize for kopitiams decor or furniture to assist increase customer’s satisfaction and dining experience? The pilot of this paper is to analyze how does color interplay between human response in a modern kopitiam to what extent does the coloring material used in a infinite affect the manner the resident feel because coloring material has an consequence on our head, organic structu re and emotions. It affects our temper and can act upon our behaviours and our physical and mental wellbeing as it normally happens subconsciously without us detecting. Chapter 2.0 Defining/Justification of Research 2.1 Define What is Kopitiam? What is Modern Kopitiam? 2.1.1 History A kopitiam is a traditional java store found in the Southeast Asia, chiefly functioning repasts and drinks. The word kopi is a Malay term for java and tiam is the Hokkien term for store. A traditional kopitiam can be found immensely in Malaysia, as it is in Singapore, kopitiams are usually found in about all residential countries every bit good as some industrial and concern territories in the state. Although most are an sum of little stables or stores, some may be reminiscent of nutrient tribunals, but however each stall has similar visual aspect and the same manner of signage. These stores are steeped in tradition and nostalgic memories of a water under the bridge age. Each store has its ain alone spirit and personality, but there are certain similarities shared by most. The ambiance in a kopitiam is unambiguously Malayan, intending that it blends several different civilizations. One similarity is the kopitiam tabular array and chairs. In general, the tabular arraies are marble topped and the chairs are made up of wood with unit of ammunition dorsums. There are other common characteristics of decor that identify this peculiar type of java store, even to person who has ne'er been indoors. The Menu The Kopitiam’s bill of fare typically feature simple nutrient offerings: a assortment of nutrients based on egg, toast, and kaya, plus hot drinks such as java and tea. Food served encompasses Malay, Chinese and Indian civilization and are prepared in the traditional manner to guarantee genuineness and gustatory sensation. Aside from the popular toast and hot drinks, frequenters can taste fortes and local delectations such as chau kuey tiao, curry laksa, nasi lemak, Kopitiam nutrients have become a portion of Malaysia’s culinary heritage, gastronomic bastions proudly enduring the old ages and altering life styles. Visit these old favourites non merely for their culinary offerings, but besides for the history that each serves up. 2.1.2 Development of Kopitiams Traditional Kopitiams The developments of kopitiams are in many ways closely related to the Hainanese migrators. The early Hainanese migrators who came to South East Asia in 1850’s as late migrators, the Hainanese were forced to happen employment in less moneymaking trades. During that period of clip when the Hainanese migrators arrived, the Hokkiens and Teochews, for case were already good entrenched in agribusiness and commercialism trade. Therefore, the Hainanese crafted a niche for themselves in the service sector, by working as cook male childs, servers or retainers in the local hotels, eating houses, bakeshops and bars and as cooks or domestic retainers for the affluent European and Peranakan families. At some point, some of them even work every bit canteen operators in the military base. While some the Hainanese migrators became involve in the kopitiam or ‘coffee shop’ concern as stall holders or helpers. In fact, the Hainanese community has been credited with presenting the kop itiam civilization into Malaysia. Many old Hainanese kopitiam operators recalled that in its olden yearss during the 1950s to 1970s kopitiams were really popular and caters to about everyone around Malaysia but as clip goes by there is a steady diminution in the figure of old manner traditional kopitiams in Malaysia during the twelvemonth of 1980s onwards. For many old manner kopitiam proprietors, their trade ends the minute they retire because a batch of them, their childs have been educated and are non willing to transport on the household concern and besides because of the worsening rate of people sing traditional kopitiams today as the economic system of our state gets better more and more shopping promenades were built and a batch of the younger coevalss no longer willing to see the traditional kopitiam because a batch of the bing kopitiam still uses the really traditional method of running it, ensuing hapless care in some kopitiam that turns off clients who visits particularly the younger coevalss. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bfsmagazine.com.my/index.php? option=com_content & A ; view=article & A ; id=1802: the-revival-of-the-kopitiam-culture- & A ; catid=228: articles & A ; Itemid=1524 ) New Age Kopitiams The popularity of the antique mercantile establishments along with society ‘s compulsion with nostalgia and increasing richness has led to the resurgence of these pseudo-kopitiams as we called modern kopitiam. The resurgence of the traditional civilization started in the early 2000’s with the debut of new age kopitiams. The resurgence of the old kopitiam civilization started in the early 2000s with the debut of new age kopitiams. The new kopitiams are fast-food mercantile establishments which are reminiscent of the old kopitiams in footings of decor, but are normally built in a more modern, hygienic puting such as a shopping promenade instead than in the traditional store house, providing chiefly for immature grownups. Modern kopitiams have retained the antique marble-topped tabular arraies, wooden chairs and chunky dishware, but now they are to be found in the cavernous air-conditioned shopping promenades. City-dwellers are rediscovering kopitiam menu. By and large, aside from the popular local nutrient, the new age kopitiams have a more extended bill of fare which includes a assortment of western culinary art entries. The new age kopitiam is a topographic point where they serves the nostalgic nutrient and drinks that we all still so fond of in a topographic point that exudes the subject of the old-styled java stores while adding some new turns of some comfy couchs and air conditioned country and still pull off to maintain the monetary value right in between the local kopitiam and the java giants. The thought hit it off instantly and now you can see these new age kopitiam distributing like wild fire through the power of franchising. The kopitiam commotion air current swept Malaysia since the center of last decennary and presently kopitiams have ventured abroad into China and Indonesia. This is how the development of the kopi civilization in Malaysia is, from the long standing pasts of kopitiam that our grandparents and their parents used to bask, though now dwindling down from its old glorifications, to the java giants invasion to Malaysia where tonss of young person couldn’t resist, and now to the new age kopitiam that is genuinely Malayan. These newer stores advertise and utilize modern selling patterns every bit good. However, they strive to make an atmosphere similar to that of a traditional store. 2.2 Literature Review 2.2.1 Factors of Visual Impact Towards Our Site in Malaysian Context. Food and drinks plays an of import function in every day’s life and it could be found ubiquitously after the post-industrialisation epoch by the flourishing economic system. Since so, a batch of eating topographic point could be found in Malaysia that offers nutrient and drink to the community about. Due to the economic conditions were improved in Malaysia more and more of people tends to dine out as consumers are sing time-stressed life styles in the favor of dining out alternatively of eating in which causes a deficiency of clip or energy to fix breakfast, tiffin or even dinner with the rapid urbanisation construction that is go oning in Malaysia. Since so, consumer motivations of ingestion had shifted from run intoing our basic nutritionary demands to a more enjoyable experience such as modern kopitiam which had evolve from the really traditional kopitiam we had over the traditional shophouses back yearss in Malaysia. The development of atmospheric eating-places has gained more involvement among kopitiam proprietor to pull clients who seek exceeding and extraordinary topographic points for leisure. This study concluded consumer’s perceptual experiences of the environments that interplay between worlds and their milieus to accomplish a entire antiphonal insides colour consequence. Food and colorss are frequently perceived together with ocular cues as coloring material is non a belongings object, infinites, or surfaces ; it is a esthesis caused by different wavelength received by our eyes. Therefore, coloring material is a wavelength of visible radiation that an object either generates or reflects. Schaie and Heiss note that short-wavelength colorss, what we commonly name the warm colors ( ruddy, orange, and yellow ) , are extremely eliciting ( although non needfully delighting ) even across different age groups and civilizations. While longer wavelength colorss ( blues and leafy vegetables ) have a appeasement loosen uping consequence. These so called cool colorss have been identified as the most pleasant to the bulk of people, whereas xanthous, although arousing, is the least favoured coloring material, particularly when it has a light-green shade. The consequence of coloring material response towards consumers behavioral in modern kopitiam is the major compo nent explored in this paper and this leads to inquiries on how this component supports consumer’s dining experience and to analyze the theory of color look how does it relates of different colorss being used in the interior infinite affect the diner’s behaviour through psychological manifestations like eating behaviour and subjective experiences beside other more physical responses. Decision There are many grounds why things are the coloring material they are, but chiefly it is due to the soaking up and the sprinkling belongingss of the stuff being different from that of the incoming wavelengths of the visible radiation that illuminate it. As a farther illustration: we see green foliages or grass as being green because foliages and grass ( and other green workss ) use Chlorophyll to alter visible radiation into energy. Because of its nature and chemical make-up, Chlorophyll absorbs the blue and ruddy colors of the spectrum and reflects the green. The viridity is reflected back out to the spectator doing the grass and leaves appear green. Following on briefly to how we see color†¦ the rods and cones of the oculus pick up on the peculiar wavelength and frequence of green and direct the message to the encephalon. Similarly a mature tomato is ruddy because it reflects beams from the ruddy terminal of the spectrum and absorbs beams from the bluish terminal.

Night by Elie Wiesel Essay

Symbolism is a powerful way for authors to convey a message or feeling to a reader. This idea of symbolism is heavily used by Lie Wishes in his account of the holocaust, Night. He uses concepts such as night time, faith, suffering and family to send a significant message to his readers. Symbolism is not only an important concept in literature but also in life. Wishes stresses the importance of remembrance and education through the symbolism in his memoir. Night is a heavily used concept used by Wishes. Not only is it the title of the book but it carries an underlying implication.The general emotions evoked by the notion of night are loneliness, vulnerability and sometimes even fear. As children and very often even as adults, night and darkness create a sense of fear within us. It often causes people to feel alone and enclosed. Associated with night is darkness. A connotation of this is that night blinds you with its darkness. These Ideas can be applied to the emotions felt by victims of the holocaust. To those people it felt like the end. Many of these people did things that they wouldn't have normally done because of fear, of being blinded.Wishes discusses how much concentration camp ad changed him. After seeing his father hit by a Gypsy Wishes states â€Å"l stood petrified. What had happened to me? My father had Just been struck, In front of me, and I had not even blinked. I had watched and kept silent. Only yesterday, I would have dug my nails into this criminal's skin. Had I changed that much? So fast? â€Å". Prisoners had lost faith in life and In their religion. To them It was a dark and lonely hell that they would never escape. Perhaps one of the most paramount symbols used Is that of the â€Å"angelic pile†.Three prisoners where brought In chains, a child being one. The two older adults died with ease as the gallows were placed around their neck but the child had a significantly harder time, as he struggled between life and death. This was an unshakable experience for the Jewish people forced to observe this cruel punishment. Although sad, this event has great meaning to the story. The â€Å"angelic pile† symbolizes the struggle of all Jewish people during the holocaust. The struggle they all faced day In and day out between life and death. Prisoners watching this struggle asked where God had gone. Behind me, I heard the same man asking: ‘For god's sake, where Is God? And from within me, I heard a voice answer: Where He Is? This Is where- hanging here from this gallows†¦ â€Å". The young child dying symbolized that God had died along with him; this horrific event had caused people to lose their faith In God. Wishes and thousands of prisoners Like him had lost their faith last night, for many It would never return. Ell Wishes challenges our emotions with his personal account of the holocaust. Night and the Angelic Pile are only two of the many powerful symbols used to Invoke these potent emotions.Wish es encourages all of mankind to remember what appended In those horrifying years rather than to turn a blind eye. HIS compelling memoir. Connotation of this is that night blinds you with its darkness. These ideas can be petrified. What had happened to me? My father had Just been struck, in front of me, Prisoners had lost faith in life and in their religion. To them it was a dark and lonely Perhaps one of the most paramount symbols used is that of the â€Å"angelic pile†. Three prisoners where brought in chains, a child being one. The two older adults they all faced day in and day out between life and death.Prisoners watching this odd's sake, where is God? And from within me, I heard a voice answer: Where He is? This is where- hanging here from this gallows†¦ â€Å". The young child dying symbolized faith in God. Wishes and thousands of prisoners like him had lost their faith last night, for many it would never return. Lie Wishes challenges our emotions with his personal account of the holocaust. Invoke these potent emotions. Wishes encourages all of mankind to remember what happened in those horrifying years rather than to turn a blind eye. His compelling and moving symbolism supplicates education and remembrance in a truly chilling

Film Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Film Critique - Essay Example But when a film resulted to an individual committing heinous crime taking 12 lives and wounding 40 more, can it still be considered as entertaining or more on alarming? The Dark Knight Rises is the last of the Batman trilogy written and directed by Christopher Nolan released under Warner Bros. Picture. Earning $160.9 million during its opening weekend, the film is a mixture of action, drama, suspense, and adventure bringing with it a powerful cast starting from Christian Bale who gave every emotion needed to bring Bruce Wayne and Batman to life. Michael Cane gave justice to the heartwarming role of Alfred as a loyal butler and surrogate father of Bruce Wayne. Anne Hathaway was just right to be the sly cat woman who turned Batman’s ally, and Tom Hardy was very much Bane in the film you would hardly see recognized him. The Dark Knight Rises ties the knot of the previous two Batman movies Batman Begins (2005) and The Dark Knight (2008). The film begun with the iconic hero sufferi ng from loss and questioning the value of his existence as a savior of Gotham City and ended with him rising from his own grief fuelled by anger on the chaos and desire to restore peace in the city. The film’s exposition on the characters of Bruce Wayne and cat woman during their first encounters would give away the upcoming relations of the two protagonists in saving Gotham City. The movie offered numerous clues of its plot through expository scenes and dialogues. Some of these are the eulogy for the Mayor that is a hint on the reason of Bruce Wayne’s internal struggle, and Selina’s words to Bruce Wayne when they danced at a party insinuated the looming chaos in Gotham City and her role in the rise and fall of Batman. The rising action was developed by the writers and the director when Batman was captured by Bane and the latter gained control over Gotham City including its assets and people by creating friction and promoting strife. As the chaos continues, view ers are kept interested in the movie by showing Bruce Wayne’s struggle to come in terms with his own pride and prejudice. The character of Blake is a great support in building the action as he continues to build secret alliances with other agents to save the police forces and Gotham City. The film’s climax started when Bruce Wayne was able to settle his personal issues, climbed out of the dungeon, and conspired with Selina to help him free the police forces trapped underground and battle with Bane to free Gotham City. The director’s style is nonlinear narrative using flashback scenes to connect the plot and psychological thriller with the elements of action, mystery, and drama that showcases the emotional and mental construction of his main protagonist and antagonist characters. To keep viewers glued in their seat towards the end of the film, Nolan used flashback technique as with the past two Batman movies he directed. The flashback revealed the story of lead c haracters which explains the oddities in their behavior like when Miranda and Bane revealed to Batman their alliance. The same flashback technique was used when the old man in the prison was retelling to Bruce Wayne the story of the child who was able to climb out of the dungeon. Christopher Nolan marked a difference in this movie by using IMAX form in filming 50 minutes of the movie which makes action scenes and background more vivid because of its better resolution. This however affected some of the short dialogues of the

Comparison of Judy Bradys Article I Want a Wife and Joanne Leonards Research Paper

Comparison of Judy Bradys Article I Want a Wife and Joanne Leonards 1966 Photograph Sonia - Research Paper Example Judy Brady’s essay â€Å"I Want a Wife† was written in the year 1971 when women were still expected to follow their traditional roles, to conduct themselves in a particular way for the men of their households. It is penned in a rather sarcastic and even humorous manner in which Brady talks of the reasons why she would want a wife for a change instead of being one herself. And when one reads through her essay, one really does not wonder as to why she thinks in such a manner. The wives of those times were seen as automatons, creatures who would give birth to babies and then take care of them, cook for them and feed them, watch over them all their lives. Similarly, they would also look after their husbands, wash and iron their clothes, cook their meals, listen to them talk about their work, give them space when they needed it, be pretty for them, act the perfect hostess, look after their need or lack thereof sexual activities. She would also be aware that she could be repl aced by another woman anytime, while she was not allowed to leave her husband for another man. The wife had to fulfill all the roles that the society required her to without thinking of her feelings, her wants or her needs. In short, she could live and breathe, but she was not the master of her own life, she had no right to dream, she would forever live her life serving, doing errands for her husband or children. That they would work for twenty-four hours and still manage to look pretty and be responsive during the sexual activities, and so on.

Critically evalutate the evidence that criminal profiling is effective Essay

Critically evalutate the evidence that criminal profiling is effective - Essay Example It is usually carried out in a three stage process: â€Å"First, police officers collect crime scene data and forward it to a profiler; second, the profiler conducts an analysis of the crime scene data; and third, the profiler provides predictions about the type of individual likely to have committed the crime in question.† (Snook et al,, 2007, 438) There was initial enthusiasm for this approach, especially in the United States where the FBI set up a special ‘Behavioral Science Unit’ which analysed crimes and made recommendations for the application of criminal profiling in serious crime cases. From the beginning it was clear that the process involves multiple skills and multiple agencies, being a technique that combines elements of both art and science (Cook and Hinman, 1999, 230) and crosses over traditionally constructed professional boundaries. There has been discussion about some of the tensions arising from this multi-disciplinarity, and the gulf between res earchers and practitioners. (Alison et al, 2004). Critical opinion on the practice of criminal profiling has been mixed, ranging from positive evaluations to serious doubts as to whether criminal profiling is any more valuable than common sense. This paper reviews the underpinning theories behind criminal profiling, discusses its methodologies and the problems that can arise in its use, and then finally evaluates its effectiveness. Theories behind criminal profiling. Psychology is the major science behind criminal profiling and its origins can be traced back to the beginning of the twentieth century: â€Å"the inferring of general characteristics of a person on the basis of a limited amount of information about them, has scientific roots in psychometric testing.† (Canter, 2000, p. 3) This in turn is based on a large body of research into the variation that exists between individuals. Psychologists searched for ways of isolating small individual features which, when considered together and against a large database can predict with some degree of accuracy what type of personality a person has and how they are likely to behave in different situations. The predictions are inferred, which means they start with what is known, but move into speculation based on a number of different areas of knowledge including past experience and databases collected and collated over the years. The so-called â€Å"homology assumption† asserts that â€Å"criminals who exhibit similar crime scene actions have similar background characteristics.† (Doan and Snook, 2008, p. 61). In practice this means that investigators in a case of rape, for example, will go on the assumption that there is â€Å"a positive linear relationship between the similarities of the crime scene actions and the corresponding similarities in the background characteristics for a sample of rapists.† Any inferences that are made are deliberately not absolute statements, but are based on li kelihood and similarity: â€Å"It’s certainly possible for some characteristics to be consistent or homologous, and indeed this can be demonstrated in some cases. However, it is not a reasonable assumption in every case or even in most cases.† (Turvey, 2008, p. 540) Additional factors such as drug or alcohol use and mental illness with or without adequate medication can affect the offender’s behaviour in unpredictable ways, causing a depart at times from his or her enduring characteristics. Because of these variables, some of which cannot be known by

Popular Culture Race and Ethnicity in the Movie King Kong Review

Popular Culture Race and Ethnicity in the King Kong - Movie Review Example Accordingly, the representation of blacks and minorities, or indigenous populations in film, has become an issue of social concern. The objection which several critics expressed towards King Kong (2005) and their denouncement of it as a racist film needs to be understood within the context of the larger social issues at stake and should not be dismissed as exaggerated reactions to innocent entertainment, as some have done. Indeed, King Kong is founded upon racial stereotypes and cements racial prejudices in its portrayal of indigenous populations as savages, its suggestion that blacks are wild beasts, such as is King Kong, who can only be tamed by the civilised Caucasian. Critical reactions to King Kong (2005) have tended towards its denouncement as a racist film, on the one hand, to its defence as innocent entertainment, on the other. Espousing the former view, McCarthy (2006) maintains that the storyline and plot revolve around three of the oldest and most persistent of the known anti-black stereotypes. These are that all non-Caucasians are savages and that members of the black race are hardly distinguishable from wild beasts (McCarthy, 2006). In this film, the non-Caucasians are represented in the hardly human, unmistakably savage and completely unwashed figure of the Skull island natives and blacks in the form of the gigantic and uncontrollable savage figure of the ape. The third stereotype upon which this film is founded and which its storyline propagates and legitimizes is that of the civilized Caucasians who, by the very nature of their appearance and the culture and civility which they symbolize, are able to tame, control and potentially even civilize the savage and the wild. King Kong (2005) promotes these stereotypes and should, accordingly, be classified as a racist film. For multicultural societies which are struggling to create a culture of racial tolerance and acceptance to replace the culture of racism, films such as this can have a potentially detrimental effect. Pon (2000) highlights this potential consequence by arguing that racist messages legitimize an audience's possibly racist sentiments and justifies their perception of minority races and groups as inferior. When these messages are conveyed in a multicultural society, they immediately conflict with multiculturalism's message and, accordingly, can contribute to racial tensions (Pon, 2000). In direct reference to Canadian society, popularly regarded as a successful experiment in multiculturalism, the message conveyed by King Kong (2005) does not simply conflict with official messages regarding racial tolerance and understanding but it touches upon the underlying racial tensions which exist beyond the surface. Studies have indicated that increasing numbers of racial minority groups and indigenous populations feel marginalized and discriminated against. The number of blacks and natives feeling out of place in society is on the rise. In 2002, 35% of blacks and 20% of natives in Canada reported unfair discriminatory treatment 'sometimes' or 'often' (Statcan, 2002). Therefore, films which wrongfully portray the true nature of blacks and native/indigenous populations, have the potential to enhance the mentioned feelings of marginalization and to deepen the racism which many Canadian minority groups feel they are subjected to. The fact that King Kong

Vaccination for Babies 0-6 Months Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vaccination for Babies 0-6 Months - Essay Example I. Objectives:  I. Objectives:  The participants should be able to: A. Assess their own knowledge/insights, feelings, and apprehensions regarding vaccination of babies B. Verbalize the value of vaccination in the well-being of a child C. Prepare a vaccination schedule for their babies III. Lesson A. Nursing DiagnosisThe nurse will ask participants to form a group of three and discuss what they know and how they feel about vaccination for babies. These questions will lead to an assessment of participants’ knowledge and feelings about vaccination.Guide Questions:1. What is the purpose of vaccination?2. What advantages/disadvantages will it bring?  3. What types of vaccination do you know?4. Did all your grown-up children undergo vaccinations? What illness did they have so far?B. Methodology1. Thought Bubbles – The participants (in triads) will write down their answers on the thought bubbles (Fig. 1).2. Cooperative Learning – Participants will exchange knowled ge to come up with answers to the questions in the thought bubbles.3. Class Discussion – each group will present its thought bubbles to the class.   C. Teaching Aids1. Illustration board or A3 size bond paper for the thought bubbles2. Markers3. Computer with Internet connection4. LCD projector5. A4 bond paper for printing schedules6. Computer printer D. ProcedureThe participants will answer the thought bubbles and present it to class. This activity will help the nurse assess their knowledge and feelings on vaccinations.

Home Depot company - Case Analysis and report Study

Home Depot company - Analysis and report - Case Study Example The other external directors include Mark Vadon, Brown J, Albert Carey, Duane Ackeman, Armando Codina, Gregory Brenneman, Helena F and Bonnie Hill. The board is made up of two females and eight males. The average years of the BOD of the company is 58.3 years with ages ranging from 43years to 71years?The ethnicity of the BOD is diverse with one Hispaniac who is Mr. Codina, One black, Ms Hill and Bousbib from France. The rest of the board members are Americans. The board members are highly qualified and all of them have had the expertise and experience of working in other companies in the top management level. The companies they have worked in include; facebook, PepsiCo, UPS and the General Electric. Some of the members of the BOD have their own companies that they are running and are competent enough to work in Home Depot. The education levels of the members are high with the least being a master’s level. Most of the board members have attained a Bachelors and masters in business and economics. A few members have Doctorates in business and one who is Ackerman having a bachelors degree in physics. The universities that the board members have attended for their degrees, Maste r’s and Doctorate are highly recognized in the world for quality education such as Harvard University. The board has been involved in major decision making in the company and they are the ones who give directions on how the company should be run. For example, in 2012, they made a decision of acquiring the Home Systems used in the US. Looking at the compensation that the board members receive, the rates defer for each member. Those board members who are employed in the company are compensated differently from those who are not employed by the company. The compensation is paid off in two forms which include shares and cash payment. In the year 2012, each nonemployee of the board received $280,000. $250,000

Alzheimer's disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alzheimer's disease - Essay Example lois Alzheimer first detected and described this disease in 1907 in Auguste Deter, a middle aged woman who was diagnosed with the dementia and some disorders in her brain function. Untill 1970s this disease defined as a rare condition that affect old people, but Robert Katzman proved that Alzheimer`s disease is not a normal part of aging and it is the same condition as senile dementia. The statistic shows that Alzheimer`s disease affected approximately 26.6 million of people in 2006. Clinical trials predict that prevalence of the Alzheimer`s will be 1 out of 85 people by 2050 worldwide. (Web MD, 2014) There are several types of Alzheimer`s disease depending on the severity. They include mild and moderate Alzheimer`s disease. Mild Alzheimer`s is an early stage of this disease that characterized with temporary memory loss. Patients at this stage usually have problems with complicated tasks, forget where they put their things, get lost, cannot find words to explain their thoughts and have changeable mood. People can normally survive with this type of Alzheimer`s but they required appropriate treatment to reduce possible symptoms. (FÃ ¶rstl H, 1999) Neuropsychological testing can detect this type of Alzheimer`s disease because the symptoms can be confusing with aging. Moderate Alzheimer`s is the most complicated and longest stage of the disease. It is progressive and can leads to overall memory lost. Patients with this type of Alzheimer`s usually do not remember their biography, family, friends and have problems with thinking and language. In this stage patient`s cannot normally live without help of the caregivers and treatment. It can last for years and finally lead to death. People with Alzheimer`s disease can live approximately 7 years after diagnosis. Only in 3% of all Alzheimer`s cases patients lived for 14 years after diagnosis. (Wenk GL,2003) At the cellular level Alzheimer`s disease mainly affect neurons in the cerebral cortex. Neurons lose their ability to

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Religion - Essay Example Perceptive on theism, philosophy, spirituality, and other beliefs are similar and dissimilar from what one considers of ‘religion’, can assist a lot in understanding the religion. Few points out where the outer borders of religion exist, whereas some assist to identify with what religion essentially comprises. This essay undertakes comparisons between the Jewish Religion and the Catholic Christian religion. Judaism is based on the principles and ethics incarnated in the Hebrew Bible and the Talmud and is a religion of jews. Even though Judaism has rarly been monolithic in practice, it has always been monotheistic in theology. Its central authority is not fixed in a person or group, but in sacred texts and traditions. Judaism adhered to a number of religious principles, the most significant of which is the faith in a single, omniscient, omnipotent, benevolent, supreme God, who created the universe and continues to administer it. It is the traditional Jewish belief that the God who created the world made a promise with the Israelites, and disclosed his laws and commandments to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of the Torah, and the Jewish people are the descendants of the Israelites. The practice of Judaism turns around study and the complying of Gods laws and commandments as written in the Torah and set forth in the Talmud. Judaism is the 11th largest religious group in the world (Wikipe dia). According to Catholic belief, God, boundless and holy in himself, in a plan of total kindness generously created man to make him share in his own sacred life. Because of this, always and in every place, God get closer to man. He asks man to look for him, to know him, to love him with full of his heart and strength. He welcomes all men, scattered and alienated because of sin, into the unity of his Church. For accomplishing this goal, God sent his only Son as Redeemer and Savior of mankind. Through him and in the Holy Spirit, he asks men to turn

Physiological adaptations to Exercise of an Aerobic Training Program Essay Example for Free

Physiological adaptations to Exercise of an Aerobic Training Program Essay Fitness is popular nowadays, as its profitability to health, beauty, physical and psychological state of a person has was proved by multiple research and practice long time ago. However, one should be really careful in choosing an aerobic training program. There are lots of factors to think about and keep in mind while selecting an appropriate aerobic training program. First of all, let us define what aerobic training is. They distinguish two types of exercise in physical exercise aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic literally means with oxygen and refers to the use of oxygen in muscles energy-generating process. Aerobic exercise includes any type of exercise, typically those performed at moderate levels of intensity for extended periods of time, that maintains an increased heart rate. The aerobic exercises are so popular nowaday due to the fact, that this is by far the most effective way of burning fat: in aerobic exercise oxygen is used to burn fats and glucose in order to produce adenosine triphosphate, the basic energy carrier for all cells. There are various types of aerobic exercise. The key point in aerobic exercise that it is performed over a long period of time. Thus, running a long distance at a moderate pacem for example, is an aerobic exercise, while sprinting is not (Donatelle). The objective of this paper is to examine one of the many aerobic training programs and the psysiological adaptations of the various systems of the body, occuring over a lengthy course (6 months), and also acute responses to exercise. The period of 6 months was chosen, because this period is usually enough for initial permanent adaptation of the body to exercise and displaying first major physiological changes. Let us choose group aerobic training program as an example. The program consists in learning the combinations of various degree of complexity (basic movements of classical aerobics). The course is designed for regular training, 55 minutes, 3 times a week. Among the recognized benefits of this training course are the following: †¢ Strengthening the muscles involved in respiration, to facilitate the flow of air in and out of the lungs, Strengthening and enlarging the heart muscle, to improve its pumping efficiency and reduce the resting heart rate, †¢ Toning muscles throughout the body, which can improve overall circulation and reduce blood pressure, †¢ Increasing the total number of red blood cells in the body, to facilitate transport of oxygen throughout the body, †¢ Increased storage of energy molecules such as fats and carbohydrates within the muscles, allowing for increased endurance, †¢ Neovascularization of the muscle sarcomeres to increase blood flow through the muscles. As a result, these aerobic exercises, just like many other aerobic training courses, reduce the risk of death due to cardiovascular problems. Besides, they stimulate bone groth and reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Aerobic exercise is, however, an extremely valuable component of a balanced exercise programme and is good for cardiovascular health, despite the fact that it somewhat neglects muscular strength, especially upper-body muscular strength development. Over a course of any training, there are some processes, going on in an athlete’s body – the processes of adaptation. There are several key concepts of physiological adaptation, relevant to the aerobic training program examined: the quality of muscle tissue can change after only several workouts; the type of exercise stimulus causes specific adaptations; genetic potential dictates the absolute magnitude of training adaptation; smaller and smaller gains are observed as a person reaches their genetic potential; with training, performance gains cause changes in more than one physiological system; adaptational responses are dynamic and are related to an individuals age and stage of physical development. Magnitude of gain is related to the size of the athlete’s adaptational window; the amount of adaptation is related to the effectiveness of the exercise prescription. Variation is necessary to keep the exercise stimulus effective in eliciting positive changes. We can distinguish short-term adaptation and long-term adaptation. Short –term adaptation is a change of physical condition and physiological processes, going on in the body of an athlete immediately after a training. Metabolic activity and increased muscle soreness are some of them. As far as metabolism is concerned, aerobics does not notably increase the resting metabolic rate as much as some forms of weight-training, and may therefore be less effective at reducing obesity. However, this form of exercise also allows for longer, more frequent activity and consumes more energy when the individual is active. In addition, the metabolic activity of an individual is heightened for several hours following a bout of aerobic activity. Aerobic training course of this type can also be used by individuals with anorexia as a means of suppressing appetite, since aerobic exercise increases glucose and fatty acids in the blood by stimulating tissues to release their energy stores. While there is some support for exercising while hungry as a means of tapping into fat stores, most evidence is equivocal. In addition, performance can be impaired by lack of nutrients, which can impair training effects. Among other impacts on metabolism we may mention metabolic energy stores changes: stored creatine phosphate, ATP, triglycerides and glycogen increase in the course of aerobic training. This is both short- and long-term change (Foran, 57-64). There are also other long-term effects on the body. Let us examine some of them, arranged in groups according to body parts or other physiolocal parametres, affected by the training. All of them are effects of an above-mentioned aerobic training course. Performance: This parameter includes changes in general callisthenics. Here we can mention increase of muscle endurance (low power output), aerobic power, sprint speed (very slight increase)and practically no change in muschle strength and anaerobic power. Body composition The aerobic training course does not influence the amount of fat free mass of a person, however, it decreases percent body fat. Muscle Fiber The aerobic training course allows for capillary density increase, mitochondrial density increase and convertion of muscle fiber to type II. However, the training course does not change the muscle fiber size or fast heavy chain myosin. Aerobic training course also has some influence on bone and connective tissues of the body. Though bone dencity practically does not change with aerobic exercises, some changes in collagen content, tendon strength and ligament strength especially might occur.

Student Motivation And Academic Performance

Student Motivation And Academic Performance The motivation of students is one of the important issues in higher education, particularly owing to importance of academic performance in their professional life and also it focused on identifying the factors that will help educational thinkers to know students attitudes towards learning, what hinders and what facilitates learning in the process of learning. This will assist education community to predict student academic performance and identifying the students before their grades begin to fall (Kamauru, 2000). Lumsden (1994) has investigated which passion to learn seems to shrink as children grow. Learning sometimes becomes compulsion than happiness, thats why large number of students leaves education before graduation. Due to unpleasant attitude of students towards education very few are actually mentally present in the classroom. Student motivation is the element that leads students attitude towards learning process. Number of studies has been conducted to probe the role of student motivation toward academic performance and different definitions of students motivation have been used by various researches. Student motivation is often separated into two types: Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation: A student is intrinsically motivated when he/she is motivated from surrounded by: Intrinsically motivated students enthusiastically engage themselves in learning out of peculiarity, attention, happiness or in order to achieve their own scholarly and personal aims. Therefore students with intrinsic motivation are more enthusiastic, self driven, challenging and feel pleasure in their studies and students with extrinsic motivation try to drag themselves with academic coursework, feel compelled to learn, and always put minimum efforts to attain maximum appreciations. Intrinsically motivated, students tend to use strategies that require more effort and that allow them to process information more strongly. In intrinsic and extrinsic motivation we have found the following sources of motivation which has also been confirmed by the students during data collection. And also each of these items has defined in following table which has been used in design a questionnaire for intrinsic and extrinsic factors. At this time, I am going to talk about research methodology: 2. Research Methodology: 2.1 Sample The sample involved of 342 university students of dissimilar programs in various universities of Islamabad and Lahore, Pakistan. The students were asked about how motivated they are about their university experience and what really motivated them to study. The questionnaire was distributed among both female and male students. It involved 82% male and 18% female students in the survey with an average age of 20 years. The following technical card contains the concise information regarding research methodology: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Purpose of study Exploration à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Types of investigation Correlations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Extent of researchers interference Minimal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Study setting Non-contrived à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Measurement Scaling à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Unit of examination Individuals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sampling design Simple random sampling à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sample size n = 250 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Time horizon one shot à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Data collection method Questionnaire à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Data analysis of Variance The above given self descriptive table describes different parts of research methodology in brief. For statistical purpose analysis of variance has been conducted using SPSS 17 version. 2.2 Instrumentation and Measurement: The above mentioned self-explanatory table contains the key of the items mentioned in the survey questionnaire. This shows that each source in given due consideration in the survey and items were mixed in the survey regarding the source of student motivation. 2.3 Procedure: The questionnaires were distributed randomly among the students of different programs of different semesters and their responses were collected. Data was analyzed using SPSS for Windows (version 17.0) for precise analysis and results. Analysis included regression analysis, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). 3. Result: The following report begins with the results of the respondents information on segments like languages and Gender. This study, conducted on the student motivation and its Impact on student performance, shown that 82.4% respondents are male while 17.6% female, who participated in this study. Female segment of the sample is reasonably insignificant in the study. This study reveals percentages of languages: of these, 34.5% respondents belong to Punjabi language, 8.6% respondents belong to Sindhi language, 10.8% respondents belong to Pashto language, 6.5% respondents belong to Saraiki language, 33.5% respondents belong to Urdu language, 0.7% respondents belong to Hindco language and 5.4% respondents belong to Baluchi language. Different languages are spoken in various parts of the country. However, in one university students come from different parts of the country and speak different languages. Four major provincial languages and three other languages, commonly spoken in some of the pro vinces, were also included in the study. Languages reflect cultural values of their own provinces. Now we have a clear picture of the respondents answers regarding student motivation and student performance. 4. Discussion: Rejection of alternative options, career and qualifications and social pressure instil the academic performance. In the same way, intrinsic motivation achieved through respect of altruism, and self-exploration. This study investigates student motivation and its impact on student academic performance. Student performance will increase between 23 percent and 34 percent due to extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. T-value of both tables shows relevant Importance of elements of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation for academic performance. On the whole, model is Significant. This study reveals R-square is 80 percent which show strong relationship of students motivation with their Performance. Academics performance will increase 34 percent due to extrinsic motivation where as academics Performance will increase 23 percent due to intrinsic motivation. Every student has diversified experience of knowledge, abilities, talents and aspirations and come from different Social, regional and political backgrounds that may affect their motivation to learn. Some student having great quantity of skill due to best schooling and other are vice versa. However, student motivation is a prerequisite of academic performance (Masitsa, 2008). Helpful learning in the classroom depends on the teachers capability that creates interest related to subject matter. Student performance depends upon the forces which are affecting during the studies (Erickson, 1978). There is no paranormal formula for accessing accurate level of students Motivation other then extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation questionnaire. 5. Conclusion and Recommendations: The study examined the influence of student motivation on academic performance. The study found positive and mutually causal relationship between students motivation and students academic performance. This relationship is mutual, meaning students who are more motivated do better and student who perform better become more motivated. In this study, R-square is 80 percent; this shows very strong relationship of students motivation with academics performance. T-value also shows relevant significance of students motivation toward the student academics performance. Extrinsic and intrinsic motivations increase their academic performance between ranges of 23 percent and 34 percent. When we checked on individual element of extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation, we found that Academics performance will increase 17 percent due to rejection alternative option. Academics performance will enhance 9 percent due to occupation qualification. Academics performance will put in to 7 percent because of social pleasure. Academics performance will increase 4 percent due to common pressure. Academics performance will increase 10 percent due to self exploration. Academics performance will increase 12 percent due to altruism. Blank (1997); Dev (1997); Kushman (2000) and Woods (1995) also associated high motivation and commitment in learning as consisted link to reduce dropout rates and increase levels of student performance. From these findings we conclude that students who are intrinsically motivated perform much better academically than students who are extrinsically motivated. Extrinsically motivated students might do a good job or perform well to achieve a certain reward, but it does not keep them motivated for long-term and overall performance does not change or is consistent. They might carry out very well in one semester or quiz to achieve a certain reward or goal and then next semester might show poor performance because the reward did not exist anymore. Their performance does not remain constant as a result. Students who are intrinsically motivated take up tasks or perform well academically for their own interest and for their own learning. These kinds of students are truly interested in learning and in achieving high goals. This shows in their overall consistent performance. From these results and Analysis, this study concludes that academic performance is positively influenced by intrinsic motivation and negatively affected by extrinsic motivation. Additional research is required to address the question that How students intrinsic motivation can be increased? Critique In regard to research methodology: At the first I guess its better to describe the motivation which it didnt indicate clearly and also designate different type of performance in this case academic learning and learn how to assess the motivation while it didnt indicate in original paper base of literature review: Motivation: It is incentive, enthusiasm, or interest that causes a specific action or certain behaviour. There are two main kinds of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is internal. It occurs when people are compelled to do something out of enjoyment, significance, or desire. Extrinsic motivation occurs when external factors compel the person to do something. A common place that we see the need to apply motivation is in the work place. In the work force, we can see motivation play a key role in leadership and management success. A person unable to grasp motivation and apply it will not become or stay a leader. It is crucial that anyone seeking to lead or motivate understand How let to Hierarchy of Work Motivators. What all process theories have in common is an emphasis on the cognitive processes in determining his or her level of motivation. Equity theory assumes that one important cognitive process involves people looking around and observing what effort other people are putting into their work and what rewards follow them. This social comparison process is driven by our concern for justice and equity. Research by Adams (1965) and others confirms equity theory as one of the most useful frameworks for understanding work motivation. The motivational force of a job can so be calculated if the expectancy, instrumentality and are known. The individuals abilities, characters, role perceptions and opportunities reduce the motivational force. In this project just focus is on motivation and wanted to know about the relationship between academic performance and motivation and just talk about Extrinsic and Intrinsic factor while the other mediator and moderator factor maybe totally devastate the relationship between the even those student although have a intrinsic motivation as in this paper in result part you see as a significant factor but due to such a factor it cant go well and dont change the performance as it was expected. I just want to review some of these articles about the other factors that can be helpful. In cognitive-motivational process model (Vollmeyer, R. Rheinberg, F. (1998). Motivationally Einflu ¨sse auf Erwerb and Anwendung von Wissen in einem computersimulierten System. [Motivational influences on the acquisition and application of knowledge in a simulated system.] Zeitschrift fu ¨r Pa ¨dagogische Psychologie, 12, 11-23.) Motivational factors imagine that have an effect on performance via mediators. Such a potential mediator is persistence. Also in this paper the researcher did research on fifty-one students learnt a complex dynamic system. They measured their initial motivation (mastery confidence, incompetence fear, interest and challenge), then a set of mediating variables during learning. Performance measures were knowledge acquisition and knowledge application. In this paper it was shown a path-analysis showed that initial motivation influenced persistence and it have direct effect on performance and should take in consideration that sometimes highly persistent learners did not have higher mean final performance, despite acquiring more knowledge over trials. So performance is one of the possible mediator that in (Regina Vollmeyer *, Falko Rheinberg (2000) this paper it has discussed. Also in another study we can see that (Bandura, 1991) combines motivation and cognition into a cognitive-motivational perspective. He defined motivation as a multidimensional phenomenon indexed in terms of selection of pursuits from competing alternatives, intensity of effort, and persistence of exertion (p. 158). For learning this means that motivation not only affects what people learn, but also the intensity and the duration of the learning activities. So as you can see in this study although motivation has considered as a multidimensional phenomenon, but the indexes is not according to this paper. In another study, (Rheinberg, 1997, p. 14) defined motivation as something that provides an impetus towards a goal for all current processes. In doing so, motivation influences the way people learn. Vollmeyer and Rheinberg (1998) proposed a cognitive-motivational process model. The interaction between motivation and cognition is described in more detail by Schiefele and Rheinberg (1997). They argued that motivation can affect three aspects of learning: (1) Persistence and frequency of learning activities. (2) Mode of performed learning activities. (3) Motivational and functional states of the learner during learning. These three aspects define the framework, within which we looked for variables that may mediate the effect initial motivation has on performance. Also different type of learning is one of the issues that didnt indicate in the main paper but in Schiefele and Rheinberg (1997) has completely indicated. In confirming the relationship between motivation and performance but in different type in work place we can see :The motivational model holds that more opportunities to participate in decision making provide subordinates with greater intrinsic rewards from work (Conger Kanungo, 1988; Thomas Velthouse, 1990) and higher levels of psychological empowerment (Spreitzer, 1995), which may result in improved work performance. In addition to, the other mediator factor between motivation and performance as a result of a meta-analysis conducted by Eby, Freeman, Rush, and Lance (1999) revealed that intrinsic motivation mediates the link between the participative management behaviour of supervisors and the organizational commitment of employees and their work performance. (XU HUANG1, ET al.2010) Furthermore there is some other papers that confirm the some other factors for increasing the motivation For instance Lumsden, (1994) analyzed students involvement towards education and sources of their motivation. Marshal (1987) viewed students motivation as a force beneficial to the learner. Ames (1990) stated that motivation to learning is dependent on long-term, quality attachment in learning and pledge to the process of learning. Most motivation philosopher believes that motivation is involved in the performance of all learned responses and leaned behaviour will not occur unless it is energized.Bomia et al. (1997) has suggested student motivation as student keenness, need, desire and obligation to participate and be booming in the learning process. Some other Critical Theory in Motivation and performance: Effect of content theories of motivation: There are some other theories in motivation and academic performance which is more related to organizational behaviour such as Maslow and ERG theory that in this part we want to elaborate more in terms of different needs of employee to get satisfy and increase their academic performance. Seeing that we can see in order to motivate student in case of maximize their academic performance to attain higher grading we need to meet their basic needs at first due to Maslow and Alderfer ERG theories which belong to content theories of motivation as it is illustrated above. Pygmalion effect on motivation and performance: It is worth mentioning that student performance increases only if we can motivate them. Also another factor should be highlighted in this regard and that is theory of fulfilling forecast. This theory talks about Pygmalion effect. The Pygmalion consequence enables student to excel in response to the parent and their lecturers message that they are capable of success and expected to succeed. The Pygmalion effect can also undermine student performance when the subtle communication from the manager tells them the converse. Supposing if a student is inexpert, he leaves scars on the careers, cuts deeply into their self-esteem and distorts their image of himself/herself as human being. But if he/she is expert and has high expectations of his/her subordinates, their self-assurance will grow, their capabilities will develop and their efficiency will be high. If the lecturer actually believes that every student has the ability to make a positive contribution at his/her studies, the telegraphing of that message, either consciously or automatically, will positively have an effect on academic performance. In regard to discussion part: While in the discussion part all the alternative except the intrinsic factors reject we review the literature about Motivational factors and academic learning: When a learner approaches a learning task, the literature suggests that several motivational factors are relevant and can be measured: (Regina Vollmeyer *, Falko Rheinberg, 2000). 1. Learners can vary in their certainty that they will succeed in understanding the task. This factor we will call mastery confidence (similar concepts have been proposed: e.g., subjective probability of success and self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977). 2. Learners can differ in their anxiety about failing in the task. This factor we will call incompetence fear (a similar concept is Atkinsons fear of failure, however, for him this concept is measured as a trait whereas we assess a persons actual state); (Regina Vollmeyer *, Falko Rheinberg, 2000). 3. Learners may vary in the degree to which they perceive this task as a challenge. Perceiving the task as a challenge requires a personal achievement standard for this task against which to test task performance. 4. The task may or may not evoke the learners interest. All these motivational factors are said to affect learning; however, it has not been clearly shown how. In accordance with our cognitive-motivational process model (Vollmeyer Rheinberg, 1998), we investigated the assumption that these four motivational factors influence learning via the following three mediators: The motivational state during learning, The systematicity of learners strategies The number of learning rounds the learners deliberately chooses to spend improving their knowledge (persistence). (Regina Vollmeyer *, Falko Rheinberg, 2000). In regard to conclusion and recommendation SUMMERY: The aim of this assignment was to review a peer reviewed journal article that is research based, and is representative of one of the research methodologies we discussed in class (distribute the questionnaire for assessing the just two concept motivation and academic performance. The format of the article has the appearance of a dissertation because it has many of the same components. It starts with an abstract that discusses the main points of the research and the results. After reading the article, I found that the abstract failed to mention the other reasons that affect the performance except motivation of student that the research was based on. The research methodology used in this study was surveys analyzed in a quantitative design. More particularly, only one survey instruments was introduced in the article, and only it was used. It was a questionnaire which was designed and developed by Neil (2004) measure students motivation and it was called The University Student Motivation and Satisfaction Questionnaire version 2 (TUSMSQ2).It was an instrument contains 30-items. The questions measure both Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation of students and one the problem is that variable which was analysed in this paper just focus on internal and external feature of motivation.

Risperidone for Methamphetamine Induced Psychotic Disorder

Risperidone for Methamphetamine Induced Psychotic Disorder On the efficacy of risperidone for the treatment of methamphetamine induced psychotic disorder, a dose ranging study Induced psychosis, diagnosis and treatment Worldwide growing methamphetamine abuse is one of the most serious health problems with several different consequences for victims, especially in developing countries. Chronic methamphetamine abuse is associated with several psychiatric problems in all countries which are faced to epidemic methamphetamine abuse. Methamphetamine induced psychosis (MIP) is a major medical challenge for clinical practitioner from both diagnostic and therapeutic viewpoints. Stimulant psychosis commonly occurs in people who abuse stimulants, but it also occurs in some patients taking therapeutic doses of stimulant drugs under medical supervision. The main characteristic of meth psychosis is the presence of prominent hallucinations and delusions. Other drugs, such as cocaine and marijuana, can trigger the onset of psychosis in someone who is already at increased risk because they have vulnerability. The current literature review attends to explain several aspects of MIP, including epidemiologically, clinically and investigators proposed pharmacologically treatment based on recently published data. Introduction Amphetamine and methamphetamine have the most substances for abuse among the synthetic psychostimulant across the world1. The overall the prevalence of methamphetamine users (excluding amphetamine users) ranges from 10.5 to 28.5 million people worldwide (0.2% to 0.6% of adults between 15 to 64 years old)2. Accompanied to amphetamine these synthetic psychostimulants are ranked as the 2nd abuser illicit drugs after cannabis as the 1st and before cocaine and opiates1. Many consequences follow methamphetamine abusers including medical, psychiatric, cognitive, legal and socioeconomic problems. It is unclear why methamphetamine abusers are more involved with legal consequences than all other illicit drug abusers3. It might be due to more psychotic symptoms induced by these psychostimulant drugs, or flaring of symptoms in a subtle or stable schizophrenia which could be exacerbated by methamphetamine4. It has been well known that such drugs are able to produce psychotic symptoms in persons with no history of previous psychiatric disorders.5,6 Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of MIP There are other substances able to produce psychosis including cocaine, cannabis, alcohol, hallucinogens, heroin and sedatives7.There will be a diagnostic challenge to meet a net diagnosis for drug-induced psychosis, if the clinical practitioner cannot establish the presence of psychotic symptoms before initiating drug abuse. In a survey, among 400 cases who admitted in different psychiatric emergency departments for their psychotic symptoms, 44% received a substance-induced psychosis diagnosis and 56% were diagnosed essential psychosis8. According to DSM-IV criteria, diagnosis of primary psychosis is usually after at least 4 weeks with persisting symptoms without heavy substance use. In addition to the previous history of substance abuse, other factors lead to drug-induced psychosis including parental substance abuse, dependency to drug (rather than occasional abuse) and visual hallucination. Lower positive and negative syndrome scale with th positive history of drug abuse put in fa vor of drug-induced psychosis, as well as more consciousness to psychotic symptoms and more tendency to suicidal thoughts are another feature of drug-induced psychosis. Generally, reported psychotic symptoms due to MethAmphetamine(MA) abuse, from USA, Japan, Taiwan, Australia and Iran are the same as each other including (as studied by Fasihpour et al) persecutory delusions (82%), auditory hallucination (70.3%), reference delusion (57.7%), visual hallucination (44.1%), grandiosity delusion (39.6%) and jealousy delusion (26.1%)9. Although certain risk factors could not be extracted among documented literature and many conducted studies by different authors in involved countries have been reported more common factors include: 1. Pyschosis induction is largely dose-dependent than duration-dependent5,10,11 2. Positive family history of psychotic symptoms especially in first degree relatives5. Interestingly protracted and more resistant psychosis was occurred in abuser persons, whose one of their first degree relatives has been involved by schizophrenia12.3. Presence of premorbidity in abuser subjects, such as schizoid/schizotypal personality traits, alcohol dependency, antisocial personality disorders and major depression, all can be psychosis induced by methamphetamine5. 4. History of sexual abuse experience, recent higher occasion of MethAmphetamine(MA) abuse plus another illicit substance13. 5. Childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) may be associated frequently with psychosis reports14. 6. Hi gher serum level of methamphetamine and amphetamine are associated with more profound psychotic symptoms4. The route of consumption (oral, smoking, injection) was not a significant factor in Mc Keit et al study6. But according to Matsumoto et al. smoker abuser show more quickly acute psychotic symptoms than who use the injection, because smokers have poor control on MA consumption. In addition psychotic syndromes in injection abusers require more medical care to respond to treatment15. Other personal characteristics such as age at which abuse is started, education, IQ, and duration of methamphetamine use were not associated significantly with risk of psychosis developing among abusers8. Female preponderance for undergoing psychotic symptoms was established among participant persons in the study of Mahoney and his coleagues16. It is noticeable to mention that the results of studies on MIP characteristics are somewhat inconsistent because of different cultural population, different accuracy in methods of studies and so on. But they provide a general opinion for further investigations and more accurate and localized studies. Sign and symptoms of MIP Reported psychotic symptoms among several different studies performed in Japan17, Taiwan5, Australia6, Tailand18 and Iran9 all are unanimous in obtained results. The most common features include persecutory delusion and auditory hallucination followed by delusion of reference, visual hallucination and thought broadcasting. MIP is initiated with excitation and increased focusing or concentration states, following by prepsychotic states and delusions which may subsequently progress to overt psychosis with positive symptoms10. The onset of first psychotic episode from the first occasion of methamphetamine consumption ranges from 1.7 years in smoker abusers to 4.4 years in injectioners19 and or 5.2 years without considering route of abuse10. Individuals with intense eagerness20, injection of methamphetamine and methamphetamine abusers are at higher risk for experiencing more severe psychosis21. Although MIP usually have short courses duration but longer and persistent episodes of psychos is have been reported even after discontinuation of drug abuse and in abstinence period17. As protracted MIP frequently occurred in many studies, it remains unclear whether methamphetamine can produce a chronic psychotic disorder or methamphetamine has uncovered a psychotic disorder in a patient with psychotic background5. The risk factors for developing long lasting MIP include positive family history of first degree relative involved to schizophrenia, premorbidity with a personality disorder specially schizoid/schizotypal form, a former neurological disorder like ADHD, head injury and learning disability2. During the abstinent period, MIP relapse might occur in a previously undergone short MIP, as well as any stressor like insomnia and severe alcohol intake.10,23,24 Methamphetamine and not stress induced MIP relapse occur with a likelihood of 60% to 80% in less than 1week to 1 month respectively, after re-exposure to MA8. A history of more than 2 years MA abuse makes the person susceptible for spontaneous relapse of psychosis without any methamphetamine reabusing for years.10 MIP Treatment pharmacological approaches Although no medical agent(s) are approved as therapeutic drug for MIP yet, due to a few numbers of pharmacological evaluations which have been proformed for finding a suitable choice in recent years. According to bio-molecular neurotransmitters influenced by MA, several pharmacologic agents are proposed for treating MA with clinical implications such as dependency and MIP. In this review a brief will run to introduce involved pharmacological groups separately. Dopaminergic agents Modafinil is a dopaminergic agonist approved essentially for sleep disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea and idiopathic hypersomnia. Modafinil may increase efficacy of cognitive behavioral treatments and decrease craving in methamphetamine dependency25. It may have beneficial effect in schizophrenia and thereby in MIP.26,27 Bupropion, a re-uptake inhibitor of dopamine has demonstrated its effect as decreasing methamphetamine use specially in low to moderated dependency.28,29,30 Methylphenidate (Ritaline) and Dextroamphethamine (d-amphethamine) both increase releasing of dopamine in synaptic cleft and have high capacity to be abused. They show strong efficacy in studies to stop or reduce MA abuse in even deep dependency.31-34 Although the above quoted drugs have not revealed any direct effect for MIP, but it seems that appetite decreasing for MA use occur by these drugs, which can be indirectly effective for managing MIP as well. Aripiperazole, a dopamine D2-receptore partial agonist and a second generation antidepressant is proposed for MethAmphetamine(MA) dependency and MIP. In a study driven by Sulaiman et al. Aripiperazole was effective for diminishing the severity of psychosis resulted from methamphetamine, but it was failed to increase abstinence duration.35 In another study, Farnia et al. compared the efficacy of aripiperazole versus risperidone in MIP cases, in a double blind randomised control trial. After six weeks trial with aripiperazole 15mg/day or risperidone 4mg/day, they concluded that both drugs are able to significantly decrease the MIP severity, however rispridone causes showed more reduction on positive symptoms while aripiperazole was more effective on negative symptoms.36 The ability of antipsychotics like aripiperazole and haloperidol in suppressing the dopamine releasing in amygdala of animal experiments which caused marked reduction in behavioral sensitivity following MA exposure, may explain its benefits on MIP.37 In another animal model study, it was shown by Futamara et al. that aripiperazole can diminish behavioral sensitization through acting on 5-HT1A receptor.38 Risperidone is evaluated solely for its ability to prolong abstinent period in 4 weeks administration of 3.6mg/day in an open-label trying. Results demonstrate a decrease in meth consumption in abusers.39 Two separate case reports have considered the dramatic response of MIP to risperidone therapy.40,41 Despite safety applications of classic antipsychotics Hatzipetros et al. warned about an unknown toxic effect of conventional antipsychotics like administrating the haloperidol to GABAergic cells in subchronic treatment of MIP might lead to hyperkinetic movement disorder and convulsion42. Other antipsychotics like quetiapine and olanzepine were applied successfully for drug– induced psychosis.43,44 GABAergic agents Several different GABA agents like baclofen45,gabapantine45,46, vigabatrine47,48, topiramate49 and benzodiazepines were proposed for treatment of MA dependency and associated psychosis based on their effects on decreasing the dopamine transmission in mesolymbic system by which reinforcing effects of MA is reduced.50,51 But ,actually conducted trial studies are somewhat inconsistent to suggest a precise recommendation.49,52 Nevertheless Ito K et al. showed that clonazepam in animal model experiments did not obtain explicating of behavioral sensitization in rats which were under treatment with MA.53 Serotonergic agents No pharmacological trial studies lead to any clinical recommendation of serotonergic agents for MIP found in web published searching except for two animal experiments in which the role of serotonergic receptors are evaluated in locomotor activating and developing behavioral sensitization. Kaneko et al. studied the inhibitory effect of fluoxetine and paroxetin, 2 clinically available SSRI agents, on establishing and expression of MA induced behavioral sensitization and suggested a prophylactic role of SSRIs for preventing of psychotic states like hallucination and paranoid symptoms due to methamphetamine abuse.54 Ago et al. demonstrated the critical role of serotonine system in behavioral sensitization formation in mice by osemozotan a 5-HT1A-receptor agonist and ritanserin a 5-HT2-receptore antagonist and again suggested a capacity of serotonergic agents for treating methamphetamine psychosis.55 Opioid antagonist Naltrexone, a pure antagonist of morphine have showed successful outcomes in MA dependency management by decreasing craving, probably because of endogenous opioid system modulating role in reducing of reinforcing effects of metamphetamine.56-61 Behavioral sensitization produced by frequently exposure to methamphetamine is prevented by induction and expression of naltrexone in mice.62 But naltrexone plus N-acetylsysteine, an antioxidant, fail to demonstrate priority to placebo group for MA dependency treatment.63 Although no particular study with emphasis on the effects of naltrexone on MA-induced psychosis was found, it may be associated with precise changes in severity and prevalence of MIP because of its strong effects on abolishing dependency. Other unclassified treatment Minocycline, a second generation antibiotic was proposed for MIP treatment. In two separate case reports minocycline administration were associated with significant results in curing the psychotic symptoms of methamphetamine abuse probably due to its anti-inflammatory effects on micoglia.64,65 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is mentioned for its high capacity to create a dramatic response in a MIP cases whose psychotic symptoms were resistant to conventional pharmacological antipsychotic therapy.66 Discussion Methamphetamine abuse is now going to become an epidemic problem in many countries. Chronic MA abuser underwent many medical psychiatric cognitive and legal consequences. One of the most important complications is the psychosis. Many studies were performed and a plenty of pharmacological drugs were proposed for managing of MA dependency, although none of them were approved yet, but only a few investigations tried to find drugs targeted on psychosis due to MA. These drugs as reviewed in this articles belongs to different biochemical neurotransmitters like dopaminergic antipsychotics, serotonergic agents and GABAergic drugs. All the studied drugs failed to obtain approval validity, although according to the results of conducted studies merely all of these agents could subside the MA associated psychosis. Recognizing neurotransmitter/receptor systems involved and influenced by MA in animal models and human experiments that can elevate knowledge about developing MA-induced psychiatric sy ndromes, especially psychosis, is the best way to overcome MIP pharmacologically and is recommended strongly for future studies.

religion vs. psychology Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spirituality and psychology are two complex subjects to discuss and they become even more complicated when you try to relate one to the other. Psychology deals with the processes of sense perception, thinking, learning, cognition, emotions and motivations, and personality, focusing on the behavior of individuals. Spirituality, on the other hand, is all inclusive. â€Å"Spirituality is living one's life from the realization that the body/mind/ego personality we have been taught to identify with is just the tip of our iceberg, our little head sticking through the window of the senses into this world, whereas our true body is the universe. It is recognizing that our perceived world is mostly an illusion, a shared dream we are asleep in, and that the goal of life is to awake to our real Self which is vast and multidimensional--already intimately connected with all of creation, with a twin shadow self that is already scripted, mostly primitive, and hidden from us, bu t that this whole Self is already One with this mystery we call God/dess whose essence can hardly be understood, but to which we give names as Eternal Wisdom, Ultimate Reality, Birther of all Life, S/he Who Is, etc.† So, how can someone take two complex subjects and use one to enhance the other in their life? Is it possible to use a school of psychology to enhance the spiritual life of a person? By analyzing one school of psychology (Rational Emotive Therapy) and by focusing on how it can keep one from focusing on negative and selfish thoughts/acts, how it can make one focus on the things that matter most in life, and how it can help one in spreading a positive way of living, we will see that it is possible for RET to enhance our spirituality. However, we must first learn what RET is all about. Rational Emotive Therapy is amazingly simple. All it entails is for an individual to perform self analysis on their way of thinking and to eliminate all the grandiose words from their vocabulary. By taking the musts, always, nevers, and everyones from our vocabulary, and by replacing them with desire, prefer, and hope, we are more likely to understand that many of our problems and barriers are self made. Instead of viewing each problem in our lives as the end of the world, using RET allows us to step back from the situation and to take a realistic view at the situation. By mapping out... ...rove the things that are within ones control. This way of thinking allows one appreciate the gifts that they possess and how to better utilize them. Other people become less of a factor in one’s unhappiness or emotions, making one in control of their own life and destiny. These results in the ridding of unnecessary quarrels and grudges that exist between those that one feels had wronged them. Therefore, their time is not consumed with negative emotions and thoughts. Instead, one can focus on the deeper meaning of their lives and how to improve it. They can become more comfortable with themselves and experience an inner calm and peace. They strengthen their spirituality and the way they go about their lives. They believe in themselves to make the world a better place. In hindsight, it really is amazingly simple. References 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Baute, Paschal. Theological Library. Lexington, KY. Jan 95 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ellis, Albert. Better, Deeper, and More Enduring Brief Therapy. Brunner/Mazel. New York. 1996 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ellis, Albert and Harper, Robert. A New Guide to Rational Living. Prentice-Hall Inc. New Jersey. 1961

empiricism Essay -- essays research papers

Empiricism Empiricism by nature is the belief that there is no knowledge without experience. How can one know what something tastes like if they have never tasted it? For example, would someone know that an apple is red if they have never actually have seen one. Someone can tell you an apple is red, but, if you never have seen one, can you really be sure? Empiricists use three anchor points in which they derive their opinions from. The first of these points is; the only source of genuine knowledge is sense experience. An easier way to understand this is to compare the mind to a clean sponge. As the sponge touches things, it takes with it, a piece of everything it touches. Without this, the sponge would remain clean and be void of anything other than its own material. With this conclusion, empiricist believes we must be content with the knowledge we have at hand, rather than things we have not yet been privy to. The second anchor point is; Reason is an unreliable and inadequate route to knowledge unless it is grounded in the solid bedrock of sense experience. Empiricists believe that all of our words meanings are derived from our experiences. Everything can be traced back to a single moment in our lives. Empiricists understand that reason is necessary in helping us make our experience intelligible, but reason alone cannot provide knowledge. The third anchor point is; there is no evidence of innate Ideas within the mind that are known apart from experience. What this means is the mind does not possess ideas that are not backed by experience. In no case are there a priori truths that can both tell about the world and are known apart from experience. When asked the three epistemological questions the three empiricists all have different answers. The first of these questions is; is knowledge possible? John Locke (1632-1704) states â€Å"Knowledge, however, is not something lying out there in the grass; it is located in our minds. So to understand knowledge we have to analyze the contents of our minds and see what they tell us about the world† (pg. 93). Locke believes that all of our known truths are made up of simple ideas. Simple ideas are what make up the rudimental elements of everything else we know to be true to us today. For example, they consist of ideas such, hot and cold, soft and hard, bitter and sweet. They also give us experience through are own mental o... ...s not possible for our knowledge to truly represent what reality really is. He believes that â€Å"the only certainty that we can have concerns the relationships of our own ideas. Since these judgments only concern the realm of ideas, they do not tell us about the external world† (p. 108). This means that any knowledge about reality must be based on a posteriori judgments. These judgments are made by Hume because he believes there is no way to have a true reality through knowledge because you only gain knowledge through experience. In conclusion, Hume states that many empiricists discovered that reality is an impossible goal to understand. Overall, Empiricists believe that there is no knowledge without experience. While their individual views may differ, their fundamental ideas are used to make conclusions about theories in the world. Each of these men have ideas about how knowledge is used and what it creates for each person. Through each of these theories it is apparent that knowledge and reality are difficult to access in such a complicated world. References Lawhead, William F., The Philosophical Journey: An Interactive Approach, Second Edition. McGraw-Hill, 2003.

Was Ho Chi Minh More of a Nationalist Than a Communist?

Was Ho Chi Minh more of a nationalist than a communist? Most people in America firmly believe that Ho Chi Minh was a communist first and foremost. The public was inundated with stories of his visits to Russia and China. We heard repeatedly how his support from communist countries was being used to take over and create a communist stronghold in South East Asia. What we didn’t hear was the rest of the story. The Vietminh under Minh’s leadership had an alliance of sorts with the U. S. during WWII. The common enemy, the Japanese provided a sort of strange bedfellows situation where the communists supported the ouster of another foreign invader. After the war, the Vietminh set up governmental structures in the country assuming Vietnam would return to a sovereign state. Minh himself made repeated overtures to the U. S. and other countries for support in his quest of independence (Young, 1991. p 14). Even the Vietnam declaration of independence signaled Minh’s nationalistic view (Gettleman, et al, p 26). As a pragmatist, Minh realized that the U. S. as not going to support his independence so he turned towards Russia and China for support. Minh walked a fine line with these countries to keep his supply line open without losing his independence. Some say that ability showed his true skills as a diplomat (Obituary, 1969). On the flip side of the equation, Minh was a true and through communist. He lived and breathed the communist ideals and was ruthless in achieving them. It h as been said that he was a great contradiction. Ho Chi Minh was known as the great communist leader while at the same time ultimate nationalist (Ho Chi Minh, 2006). References Gettleman, M, Franklin, J, Young, M. & Franklin, B. (1995). Vietnam and America. Grove Press, New York, N. Y. Ho Chi Minh: North Vietnamese Leader (2006). Retrieved from http://www. historynet. com/ho-chi-minh-north-vietnam-leader. htm Ho Chi Minh Was Noted for Success in Blending Nationalism and Communism (Obituary) (1969. Retrieved from www. nytimes. com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0519. html Young, M. (1991). The Vietnam Wars: 1945=1990. Harper Collins Publishers, New York N. Y.