Death Penalty as an Effective Method of Punishment Essay

Death Penalty as an Effective Method of Punishment An issue that has continually created tension in todays society is whether the death penalty serves as a justified and valid form of punishment. Whenever the word death penalty comes up, extremists from both sides start yelling out their arguments. One side says deterrence, the other side says theres a potential of executing an innocent man; one says justice, retribution, and punishment; the other side says execution is murder. Crime is an evident part of society, and everyone is aware that something must be done about it. Most people know the threat of crime to their lives, but the question lies in the methods and action in which it should be dealt with. In several parts of†¦show more content†¦To do this, the punishment for crime must be harsh enough to deter potential criminals. Under this mindset, the death penalty makes perfect sense. Here is a punishment that truly makes a criminal pay for his crime, stops the criminal from committing it again, and deters other criminals from committing the same crime. The punishment for murder is getting to be shorter and shorter. A judge could sentence a man to life in prison. That same man could be out of jail with 15 years. How has life in jail become known as ten to fifteen years? If the judge says life with no parole, then the criminal could stay in jail a bit longer, but that would mean the state and its voters would have to take care of the prisoner for twenty to twenty five years. How can we trust the murderers and thieves of our country to a judicial system that will either let them out in ten years or have us take care of them for twenty years, and then let them go? The criminals do not fear the punishment anymore, because they know they will not die. Punishment is meant to give justice to the wrongdoer and to keep him from doing it again. I am not saying we execute all of the criminals in the world, but it has to remain an option for the courts to use and to scare the criminals of the country. Many criminals dont fear the judic ial system. They know that they will get out in ten years if they murder someone. TheyShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment Should Be Illegal1536 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment is the planned taking of a legally convicted persons life. Convicted persons are put to death under certain guidelines; such as age, and the crime that was committed. 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The first significant movement to the abolishment of the death penalty occurred during an era known as the Age of EnlightenmentRead MoreEssay about The Debate Over Capital Punishment1141 Words   |  5 Pages The debate over capital punishment has been raging on for countless number of years. Capital punishment has been used for thousands of years due to the physiological fear it inflicts on the people who witness and learn about the death penalty. The use of this punishment has helped to reduce crime and alter the minds of future criminals to deter them against committing heinous crimes such as murder, treason, espionage, terrorism and in some cases aggravated kidnapping. Advocates say it deters crimeRead MoreCapital Punishment Has Always Been A Major Controversy1710 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment has always been a major controversy ever since the Supreme Court ruled it constitutional. Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, became extremely popular as a us e of â€Å"punishment† for ones illegal actions. The death penalty was first established during 1834 for crimes committed such as â€Å"idolatry, witchcraft, blasphemy, murder, manslaughter, poisoning, bestiality, sodomy, adultery, man stealing, and false witness in case rebellion† (Bohm). According to Bohm’s articleRead More We need crime prevention, not the death penalty Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pages We Need Crime Prevention, Not the Death Penalty For most crimes committed in the United States a fine, sentence of time in jail or execution is the punishment. However, the death penalty is the most questionable punishment. Is it morally right? Is it effective in deterring crime, primarily murders? Weather or not you agree if it is moral or not, one issue remains. The death penalty is not an effective way to deter crime. 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Capital punishment is only for the criminals who have done the most unforeseen and the most terrible crimes and death is the only justice for the vic tims who might not have been completely innocent but didRead More The Benefits of Capital Punishment Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesBenefits of Capital Punishment Justice is about enforcing consequences for one’s own actions to endorse personal responsibility and the notion of capital punishment does just that. Capital punishment is an effective and efficient method of deterring would be criminals and preventing criminals to commit more crimes. It is by far the oldest form of punishment in the world and remains in effect in many nations. Through discussing many arguments in support of capital punishment it is obvious whyRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be An Option1210 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion of whether the death penalty should be an option has often sparked heated debates between left wing liberals and right wing conservatives. Those on the left would most likely argue that capital punishment does not serve any beneficial purpose in our society. In contrast, conservatives, provided that they have no religious motives to oppose the death penalty, would likely argue that it is a necessary punishment for heinous crimes. For th ousands of years the death penalty has been used as theRead MoreIs Death Penalty Ethical? Or Should It Be Abolished?1717 Words   |  7 Pages Is Death Penalty Ethical? Or Should it be Abolished? Capital punishment, or death penalty is an ongoing controversial issue that has been discussed among people today. Different people view capital punishment differently. Some may oppose such punishment while others may agree with it. Some people have viewed capital punishment as a deterrence of crime, and others have seen it as murder and thus unethical. Despite the fact that over 135 countries across the world have prohibited the use of

The Interview With A Interview Essay - 1382 Words

Although, all the participants had not experienced being in an interview before, they agree to have the interviews recorded. For them, it was the first time spoke openly to a person outside of their family and friends’ cycle about their experience. Women showed their interest on my research and felt that their participation might be helpful in informing cancer health care services. My aim from the recorded interviews is to understand how women response and interact with my questions that enabled the collection of rich data. Elliott (2005) stressed on the importance of telling the interviewees from the beginning about the timing as to make them aware of how much information to share. The Interview duration was last between one and two hours including pausing because some women were emotionally affected. The interviews’ private setting at the hospital helped the recordings to be clear with minimal noise and distractions. A number of participants were comfortable talking with me about their personal experiences and private issues and found it very useful to express their emotions. However, some women commented being uncomfortable discussing issues related to financial and social issues. Some women tend to give socially pleasing answers; this type of responses noted mostly when they describe their position as cancer survivors. Therefore, further questions and asking for examples were used to elicit deeper understanding. Women’s reactions (verbal and non-verbal) duringShow MoreRelatedInterview : Interview And Interview915 Words   |  4 PagesInterview: Mak Recently, I had taken the time to interview Mak. Her full name is Eunice Mak and is a young lady of 26 years living in San Francisco, California with her grandparents, parents, and brother. She graduated from San Francisco State University with a Bachelor of Science in Human Development. She currently works at Kaiser as a Pharmacy Technician. 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A week prior to the interview date I attended an interview preparation session organized by the Careers Office which, as noted byRead MoreAn Interview With A Interview1691 Words   |  7 PagesAn interview involves communication between at least two persons. Each contributor impacts and is impacted by the responses of t he other. The practice of interviewing is central to the work done in many mental health settings. Interviews may be conducted for a variety of intended purposes and can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured to best serve the purpose of the interview. The goals of a particular interview relate to the context in which that interview is conducted. Ethical clinicalRead MoreA Interview On The Interview2332 Words   |  10 Pages Eighty-six-and-a-half years of age, Caucasian man, â€Å"J.M.† graciously agreed to participate in this aging and systems interview. 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Time and Cost Overrun in Hyderabad Metro Rail Project

Question: Discuss about the Time and Cost Overrun in Hyderabad Metro Rail Project. Answer: Introduction This research proposal focuses on the topic of Investigating on the Reasons of Time and Cost Overrun in Hyderabad Metro Rail Project which is based on the Hyderabad MetroRail (HMR). The primary purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of the required cost and time and to analyze the problem that is faced by the communities due to delay of the project. Background of the study Hyderabad Metro Rail project is a subsidiary of Larsen Toubro(LT) that already had invested Rs 16,000-crore ("Hyderabad Metro Rail", 2016). The appointed date for delivering the complete metro project was on July5, 2012; however, it has been found that the project is currently under construction and is expected to complete until 2018 (Bharath et al., 2015). Reddy and Pimplikar, (2015) hence revealed the recent news that the project is going one and a half year delayed than the usual time and is suffering from multiple revisions and recurring controversies. The governing bodies of the state transform the Nizam's Land into a 'commuter-friendly, modern and green city'. Literature review This research will focus on particularly the time and cost overrun issue for the Hyderabad metro rail project. The project authorities are working on this project since 2003 and plan to deliver the project till 2012. However, the project is currently under construction and need more time to deliver the complete program ("Hyderabad Metro Rail", 2016). The main engineering company Larsen Toubro has requested the state government to provide more 18 months to complete the metro rail project in Hyderabad (Economictimes.indiatimes.com, 2016). This review comprises of the current state of the Hyderabad metro rail project and the impact of cost and time for the delaying of the project. Current state of Hyderabad metro rail project Pilaka and Nallathiga, (2015) stated that Hyderabad Metro Rail(HMR) is a human benefit programs that intends to serve the transportation facility to the people of Hyderabad. The project is solely formulated on world's largestpublic-private partnershipalong with the participation of state government. Sharma et al., (2013) demonstrates that there are 3 (Phase I) number of lines and 64 (Phase I) number of stations that can hold an average speed of 35km/h and top speed of 80km/hr ("Hyderabad Metro", 2016). The primary concern for initiating this project is the rising population count in the concerned state; facilitate the public transport need to overcome the traffic issue between the twin cities- Hyderabad and Secundrabad. Whitworth, (2015) argues that the Hyderabad Metro project used advanced resources and technology for advancing station planning, rolling stock, track work, signaling and train control system, power supply,depots, AFC and traction and SCADA system ("Hyderabad Metro Rai l", 2016). Moreover, according to the updates made on 15th Sept, 2016, the corridor number 1 is from Miyapur to LB Nagar and it has two stages that is stage 2 and 5, where Miyapur to SR Nagar to SR Nagar to LB Nagar. There are two more corridors from JBS to Falaknama and Nagole to Shilparaman respectively. Thus, it can be included that there a significant work is completed and it is expected that the project will be completed as per as the extended time that is by the year 2018. As per as the recent news of May, 2016 the project needs almost 18 months metro rail project for the final delivery of the project (Das, 2014). Experts have explained that the major reason for the delay in the project is the lack of professional expertise and funds, that are needed to complete the project on time. However, the authorities had projected that the project is likely to be ready by December 2018, which is greater than the 18 months duration that the government had informed in the news channels ("Hyderabad Metro Rail", 2016). Some of the issues that are facing the Hyderabad metro rail project are- complexity , investment issues and pending clearance issues: Pending Clearance Several mandatory clearances need to be secured from the Telangana State formation. Annavarapu, (2016) states that the proposed commissioning of two stretches, Nagole to Mettuguda and Miyapur to SR Nagarthat has 8km and 11km respectively need safety clearance that is pending until now("Hyderabad Metro Rail", 2016). Moreover, senior management of LT assured that the project would pickup once the safety clearance will be assured. Investment Whitworth, (2015) depicts that they have investment issues that is also a great reason for getting the delaying of the Hyderabad metro rail project. LT has been executing the project on behalf of the Telangana government and the project already invested about 9,000 in 16,375 crore but among these investments the value of equity costs 2,700 crore and VGF gave 600 crore and the rest amount is in the debt account ("Hyderabad Metro Rail", 2016). The investment hurdles have been crossed in most of the cases however, the delay and cost escalation affects the final delivery of the metro rail project. Complex project The Hyderabad metro rail project is the largest projects taken up in the Public-private partnership(PPP) modeand made huge investments in the project. This huge investment is not only in terms of the cash ,but in terms of the knowledge ,also that needs years of experience and technological advantages for accomplishing the entire project. Reddy and Pimplikar, (2015) illustrate that this project is a huge mess from the starting day due to failure of the clarity over starting operations and reinstates their irresponsible attitude and lack of commitment towards the city. Moreover, in this case, the project engineers failed to deploy traffic marshals that at the starting of the project ensures the smoothness of the movement of vehicles and diminishes the woes of people at many station of the metro stations like Punjagutta, SR Nagar and Habsiguda (Bharath et al., 2015). In addition to that, the lack of transparency between the government and project concessionaire that is the Larsen Toubr o (LT) is another major reason for delaying the project. Impact of cost metro rail project The impact of cost on this project is high and the state government and central government have made a collaborative investment. Sharma et al., (2013) illustrates that this project already invests a huge amount in the completion of the project. This author also opts that not only the investments is utilized for the raw materials and the resources but a huge portion of amount is also utilized in supporting the workers and the professionals who are in charge of the project. The delay of cost and time affects the overall project and the extra investment of the money from the government. Impact of time in metro rail project Das (2014) argues that the state government has ordered the company to complete the project on time. The major concern of this research is to identify the reasons behind these problems. This particular study will try to investigate on these two overrun issues in Hyderabad metro rail project. The impact of time is facing by the local people that can be evaluated by the issues of Traffic on the Khairatabad-Punjagutta stretch, where the roads are chocked owing to metro work ("NDTV", 2016). Whitworth, (2015) also added that between Begumpet and Paradise circle the lanes become shorter due to the huge pillars that is constructed for the metro rail project. Impact of social development due to delay in metro rail project In this section, the impact of social development is going to be discussed. It is evident that the delay of project affects other work and way of living of the local people. The half-constructed pillars for this metro rail project create traffic jams that result in delay of daily works of the people. Moreover, the human culture in these places is not bothersome about the inconvenience and to traffic. This amount can be utilized in the education system and better housing system so that they can also feel the development in their society. In addition to that, the natural resources that are used in the project causes deforestation and affects land include plants, water resources and landscape. McMichael, (2016) depicts that sometimes neighborhood infrastructures needed to be collapsed and the people living there have to be shift to another place. This creates a huge conflict and feeling of annoyance in the communities for the state government. All these factors diminish the overall soci al development. Bayley, (2015) on the other hand mentions that, India is a country where political plays a crucial role and there are several oppositional parties, who always oppose these activities that also creates an additional adversity in the state. Aim of the research The aim of the research is to evaluate the current problem of the Hyderabad MetroRail project in terms of cost, money and problem faced by the locals. As a result, this research is used to analyze the reasons behind this major issue in Hyderabad metro rail project. The total timeline cost for conducting the entire research will be $50,000 where the monetary finance is required to collected the data primarily directly from the local people. The project resources are the engineers, who are associating in the metro rail project and the managers, who are supervising the project and the community who defines the exact impact for the delay of the project. Research Objectives To evaluate the status of Hyderabad metro rail project To find out the overruns reasons of time happened in the metro rail project in Hyderabad To uncover the facts of overruns of cost occurred in the metro rail project in Hyderabad To determine the impact of the social development in Hyderabad by this delayed metro rail project Research Questions What is the status of Hyderabad metro rail project? Why overruns of time happened in the metro rail project in Hyderabad? Why overruns of cost occurred in the metro rail project in Hyderabad? How the social development in Hyderabad has been affected by the delay in the metro rail project? Structure of the research Figure 1: Conceptual framework The conceptual framework of the research is illustrated in the above diagram, which comprise of the introduction of the research topic and then followed by the literature review. This section comprises the current state of Hyderabad metro rail project that emphasizes on the pending clearance and investment made on the complex project. In addition to that the literature of the research highlights the impact of cost and time in metro rail project and the impact on the social development due to delay in metro rail project. Furthermore, the research will comprise of the research aim, objectives and methodology through which the data is collected. Data collection and data analysis are two procedures under data collection. Data are being collected for accomplishing the data, which is further analyzed through methodological analysis and gather an overall idea through various research made by other authors and news blogs and government updates. Lastly, the project cost will be present for es timated cost for conducting the research and find out how the social development in Hyderabad has affected by this delayed metro rail project. Research Methodology Introduction This section emphasizes on the research approach that is taken into consideration for accomplishing the entire research work. Mackey and Gass, (2015) argues that research methodology is a systemic process that describes the numerous types of relevant concepts and ideas that help to obtain the overall conclusion of the research. This section comprises of Analysis of the problem, research paradigm, unit of analysis, data collection process and analysis, research method and data analysis technique. Analysis of the problem The problem that will be analyzed in the research is the effect of cost and time that is caused due to the delay of the Hyderabad metro Rail project. The rationale of the research is to find the reason for the delay of the Hyderabad metro rail project and the locals are facing problem during this delay. Research paradigm Research paradigm provides the dimension and knowledge that helps to proceed with the research and attain basic facts, knowledge and concepts and are of three types- positivism, interpretivism and realism. Positivism signifies the ideas and concepts that is directly associated with the literature, interpretivism defines that the personal belief and value that highlight the real factsand realism demonstrates the existing beliefs and theories that support the research problem. In this research, interpretivism is used as people depict their view to interpret their trouble regarding the delay of the project. In the research the secondary sources like newspaper articles and blogs that are being selected is a personal and social reflection of the journalists or some experts. These sources highlights the existing situation of the metro rail project which will help to get an appropriate reason for the delay of the metro rail project and finally how much time and cost is extra used for comple ting he project. Unit of analysis The units of analysis are the selected cases that are used for accomplishing the research. In this case, the published literature that has been analyzed is the unit of analysis. Selection criteria for the research method In this research study, both the quantitative and qualitative data method will be used. The statistical data that is collected from the newspaper article will be analyzed statistically and hence signifies the quantitative data and the opinion that is collected from the papers and the blogs or the journals written by authors and experts is analyzed though qualitative methods. Thus, both of this method will effectively support the research outcome effectively. Research Purpose Research purpose is of three types- exploratory, descriptive and explanatory research purpose. Hertzog (2014) stated that research purpose is done for provision of accurate structural purpose, which is used for a well-defined research so that the objective of the research can be fulfilled. Exploratory research is used when there will be a long-term process of the research; whereas, explanatory research study helps to understand the cause and effect of the research by connecting it with different idea. Lastly, in descriptive research purpose, detailed information is provided with more exploration as well as explanation. In this research, exploratory research purpose will be provided so that exact reason for the delay of the Hyderabad metro rail project can be evaluated. Moreover, exploratory research will also help to find the exact time and budget overrun, which is the primary objective of this research. In this research, the previous research done in this context by other authors and the recent news published reading Hyderabad metro rail project will be taken and will be analyzed to study the aim of the research that is to find out the reason for the delay of the concerned project. Data collection process and analysis Sampson et al. (2015) depicts that data can be collected through secondary data collection. Secondary data are collected by published data like journals, books, companys portal and blog. Selection criteria for data analysis techniques In this research study, the secondary data is collected from the published data and status of the Hyderabad metro rail project and the technique that is used for analysis will be of explanatory research. Moreover, these secondary data will be collected from the newspaper journal like The Economic Times and The Times of India and from their blogs so that recent data can be taken into consideration. The gathered data is analyzed through thematic analysis where the themes taken for the reason behind the time overrun and the reason behind the cost or budget overrun can be evaluated. Moreover, some personal opinion through other authors view through internet blogs and magazine article columns and are also taken so that detailed evaluation can be done for accomplishing the research. Content analysis Krippendorff (2012) defines that in content analysis is the evaluation of the political orientation of the selected article, background of the research topic, visual perception of the tone of the research writing and the style of the writer. Content analysis can be of two types- quantitative content analysis and qualitative content analysis. Quantitative content analysis: It is a research method, which is a subjective interpretation of the data collected from the newspaper article (Flick 2015). Thus, secondary data has been collected and they are drawn from the newspapers and blog news to find out the reason for delay of the metro rail projects and the statistic data that represent the evidence of the time and budget overrun from the destined metro rail project. The statistical data that is taken from other news sources and articles written by journalists is taken and evaluated and if monthly details will be found then statistical interpretation can be done by using MS EXCEL to get a un-biased result regarding the true reason for the delay of the Hyderabad Metro rail project. Qualitative content analysis: In this case, the details regarding the metro rail project for obtaining the actual knowledge of the predetermined agenda of the entire project. Moreover, the actions the managing authorities and the administrators of the state are taking to overcome the delayed metro rail project will also be considered for qualitative content analysis. This approach help to evaluate the internal knowledge and the reason for the metro rail project delay. This can be done by selecting most updated news and facts about the Hyderabad metro rail project and what government is doing for completing the project so that community people can take maximum advantage of this new project for their ease of transport. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that in the research paradigm, interpretivism is used as people depict their view to interpret their trouble regarding the delay of the project. Moreover, the secondary sources like newspaper articles and other published data and news blogs will be analyzed so that appropriate result can be obtained. In this research, the selection criteria for the research method both the quantitative and qualitative data method are used. In context of the data analysis, both the Quantitative content analysis and Qualitative content analysis will be used so that statistical data can be analyzed quantitatively as it represent the numerical data and qualitative data will highlight all the internal data and reports for the delay of the Metro Rail Project. Data Analysis and Results Introduction Punch, (2013) describes that collecting data and information for the research study is helpful but analyzing it mathematically provides an exact illustration of the research. Data analysis is performed for modeling data so that accurate research can be formulated. Data editing De Waal et al. (2014) depicts that some data has been collected from the newspaper article may lose their validity with the passage of time and thus, these data have to be replaced by the updated data and to ensure the consistency and legibility of those data. In this case, the data that is collected from the 2012 new article have difference with the data obtained in the year 2015. For instance, the cost and the time estimated to complete the project may be updated, thus, data editing have to be done based on the recent updates in the data of the Hyderabad metro rail project. In this context, for the future dissertation the updated results in the changing situation of the metro rail project have to be continuously evaluated for the accurate research output. Data screening Data screening is a process where the statistical data that is collected from the secondary sources are analyzed for the research outcome. The prime objective for this method is to ensure that the datais accurate so that the further statistical analysis can be done without any problem. In this case, the statistical data that will be collected from the news articles and the previous research done by other experts. This procedure is evaluated similar to the data analysis that is to find out the continuous updates from government, architect and the project manager so that most updated results can be used to fulfill the objective of the research that is to find out the reason for the delay of metro rail project in Hyderabad. Analysis and results The result is analyzed according to the secondary research data. The secondary data will be analyzed by qualitative and quantitative data analysis. The statistical data that will be collected from the newspaper article and the budget get from the blog and research done by other authors on the Hyderabad metro rail projects delay is evaluated through methodological analysis (See Appendix, Figure 2). Lastly, the project cost will be present that represents an estimated cost for conducting the research and find out how the social development in Hyderabad has affected by this delayed metro rail project. The primary objective to use these statistical data is to evaluate the central tendency of the data collected from the research. There are different authors, who are researched on same topic and from the year 2012, they have researched about the delay of the project. Throughout these years, they may have collected data primarily by conducting surveys to local people and the problem they face by delay and what factors they thing is responsible for the delay, interview with the managers and engineers. The survey is done by preparing a questioner to the local people. The different authors in different year from 2012 onwards if collected data primarily, in the research those statistical data will be considered for every each as a one set of data. Moreover, in the Appendix, Figure 2, several articles are selected as secondary sources by the respective author. Some research are accomplished qualitatively that is analyzing case studies, while some are done quantitative that is by conducting survey. All these researches help in this research to gather an overall idea regarding the reason for which the Hyderabad metro rail project is delayed. Developed research model Figure 2: Developed research model (Source: Created by Author) Research Risks Fink (2013) depicts that risk associated during the research are physical, psychological, social, legal and emotional. Rea and Parker (2014) on the other hand denotes that risks of randomization, risks of breach of confidentiality and risk of long term effects are some of the other risk that should also taken into consideration. However, in this research, the risk that will occur is the legal obligation that on violation will result in penalization. The primary reason is that due to some political issues, the managing authority will not ready to disclose their exact data for the delaying of the metro rail project. In context of the psychological and emption risk, the community of the Hyderabad may feel offended, as they are not much concerned about the completion of the project. Moreover, they have their daily household work which may is delayed and as a results actual details may not be gathered when data from the community. The risk of over-budget may be a crucial risk while conduc ting the research that may be exceeded depending on the social situation. In addition to that, due to incomplete project, the nearby communal may hurt by the infrastructural products. Time Scale Main activities/ stages 1st Week 2nd-4th Week 5th- 7th Week 8th-10th Week 11th-13th Week 14th-15th Week Desired Cost Topic Selection 0 Data collection from secondary sources 0 Literature review 0 Research Plan Formulation 10,000 Selecting the Research Techniques 0 Secondary data gathering and detailed analysis 25,000 Summary of the Significance 0 Submission of Final Work 0 Figure 3: Time Scale for the entire project The timescale is given to represent the estimated time to complete the research. The entire process of conducting the research comprises of topic Selection, Data collection from secondary sources which us followed by the literature review, research plan formulation, selection of the research techniques, secondary data analysis of collected data and lastly the submission of final work. The topic selection is competed on the first week as the research topic is already given and selected for the future dissertation. The topic of the search is Investigating on the Reasons of Time and Cost Overrun in Hyderabad Metro Rail Project. The total time estimated for collecting secondary data will be 4 weeks so that detailed data can be taken. Moreover, for accomplishing the detailed data on the literature review will take 3 weeks where most recent data are taken that can explain the exact reason of the time and cost overrun due to the delay of the Hyderabad metro rail project. Three weeks are est imated for the research work planning so that the research work can be completed in a systematic way; however, the selection of the research techniques that is which method to analyze the collected data and selecting the process for data screening and editing. Six weeks are taken as a required time so that the data collected can be proper gather and analyzed and it may require 25,000 to complete the entire analysis. After the completion of the entire data analysis, an overview of the most probable reason for the reason for the delay of the Metro rail project will be gathered. Summary In this research proposal, the impact of delay of Hyderabad Metro rail project is been highlighted. In this case, not only the cost but it also affects the time and the social development of the Hyderabad city. Moreover, the project is delayed and the engineers that the project needs an additional of 18 months to accomplish the same. It is also found that the project cost 16,375 crore in which LT builders spend 5,000-6,000 crorefor civil construction and for developing 6 million sq. ft of real estate, Rs 2,000 crore is required. Significance The significance of this research proposal is to evaluate the reason behind the delay of the metro rail project when the work is extended further and to reinstates their irresponsible attitude and lack of commitment towards the city. The further research work will highlight or have the significance of the current situation of the metro rail project and whether there are any changes made in the delivery date of the project as according to the current estimation the project will be completed till 2018. Discussion of the results Introduction After the completion of the data collection and analysis, the discussion is important to make the reader get an overall idea about the result of the projects. Even though the discussion of the data is being mentioned when it is presented in the research paper, yet the section for discussion of the results gives the final evaluation of the paper in a nutshell. The data that has been collected in the previous chapters are linked with the research questions and the objectives of the research. By linking the objectives and the questions, it becomes easier for the researcher as well as the readers to understand whether the questions and the objectives that have been considered in the beginning have been fulfilled in the research or not. Summary of the research questions results What is the status of Hyderabad metro rail project? The status of the Hyderabad metro rail project states that the project will be completed by December 2018 (Bharath et al., 2015). The lack of funds from various sources along with the government and the unavailability of professional expertise is the main reason behind the delay. The completion of the projects takes another 18 months. Thus, it can be seen that lack of funds and expertise are some of the major factors for the delay. Why overruns of time happened in the metro rail project in Hyderabad? The clearance that is needed to complete the project is taking more than it should take. Due to formation of the new state, Telangana, the safety clearance is required from the places like, Nagole, SR Nagar, Mettuguda and Miyapur (Annavarapu, 2016). Investment is another issue that is poising a problem for the people of Hyderabad. Due to lack of availability of finds from the private investors has also resulted in the overrun of time ("Hyderabad Metro Rail", 2016). Even though, the investments issues have been cleared in many areas, yet the cost escalations and the delay in the investment has resulted in the overrun of time further. Why overruns of cost occurred in the metro rail project in Hyderabad? The cost of building the metro project is not only limited to the resources or raw materials but also on the people who are associated with the projects. Thus, whenever there is overrun of time, there is overrun of cost. The builders have to increase the contracts with the workers and the professionals who are associated with the project (Sharma et al., 2013). Extra investments and funds are required to support the workers and the professional experts who are associated with the project. How the social development in Hyderabad has affected by this delayed metro rail project? Whenever there is any kind of construction coming up in the vicinity, the most affected part of the society are people living in it. The construction operations result in traffic jams, which make it difficult for the people to move around. In addition to this, due to the delay in the construction extra amount of funds go into the construction operations (McMichael, 2016). If the amount of money us being used for development of the housing system or for the educational system, the fund would have been used for the right purpose and better development of the future of the younger generation. On the other hand, a number of demolitions take place to make place for the development of the bridge for the metro rail paths. Even though, the government takes charges for the people who have to shift their houses, yet it is difficult for them to adjust in the new locality (Bayley, 2015). Finally, the oppositional parties of a particular state are always coming up with new problems, which created further issues in the development of projects. Thus, it can be seen that the social life of the people get hugely affected not only by the delay but also due to the social and political issues are making things difficult for the people of the state. 7.2.1 Key factors Delayed work in the industry Increase in cost of the project Hammering the social development Research objectives To fulfil the objectives of a research paper, the researcher give rise to the research questions. Thus, research questions and the objectives are related to each other. The main objectives that have been taken into consideration by the researcher are to evaluate the status of the metro railway projects, the reasons behind the overruns of time and the overruns of costs and study the impact on the social development due to the delay in the metro projects. However, after looking onto the data collected for various sources after linking them with the research questions, it can be seen that the formation of new state, Telangana and the unavailability of funds are some of the main reasons that is affecting the entire project as a whole. Once a clearance is delayed, it increases the total amount of time required to complete the project. Once more time is required, the basic cost of completion of the project also increases accordingly. On the other hand, if the investor does not provide fund s in a timely manner, it ends up with the requirement of more funds for the projects. Hence, it can be seen that huge amount of money are being used without any proper utilization of the money. The same amount of money could have been spent for other social developments, which might have helped the people of the state but the extra funds are being used for making up for delay, which is are completely unwelcomed by the people of Hyderabad. Conclusion and Recommendation Conclusions Once the data collection, analysis and the discussion of the results have been done, the conclusion and the recommendations are introduced for the readers to get an idea about the other aspects of the research work. as the researcher has evaluated the problems with the help of the data and discussed it thoroughly, hence the person has an idea about the shortcomings faced by various companies in the construction industry. Thus the, researcher will be the best person to give the recommendations. The recommendations can be give both to the subject of the research as well as the future researchers who might be working on the similar field depending on the problems that have been faced by the present researcher to complete the projects. The recommendations mainly act as the solutions to the problems that have been highlighted in the research work. The theoretical and managerial implications are been given in this section mainly to help the researcher and the managers who are working in th e similar field. The researcher will be able to make use of the theories of the present research work and the manager will be able to make use of the paper in practical field. The limitations and the scope for future research is mentioned so that the reader get an idea about the areas where the paper has not been able to throw light. Key recommendations The first and the most important recommendation is directed to the government of India and more importantly, the local government who has taken up the initiative to give the people of Hyderabad a better way of commuting from one place to another place. The delay in the project is not only creating problem for the people of the state but also for the movement, which has to give out huge amount of funds for the development of the projects. It is recommended for the government to first take the clearance from various places through which the metro will run and then start the construction of other places. Once the construction starts, it naturally creates problem for the people who are moving on the road. If the government has to get full clearance for any location, then it should wait for the clearance and the start the project. Half-built constructions create many problems by increasing the traffic of the place. The researcher while completing the research work has faced various limitations. Thus, recommendation are being given to the researcher who is carrying out the research work. It is better to start collecting the secondary data in the initial stage of the research work and complete the secondary data collection after the primary data has been collected and analysed by other authors and considering their work for attaining idea for the delay of the Hyderabad metro rail project. In this way, the researcher will get the latest data available for the research work. Completing the primary data collection first will help the researcher to get time to incorporate the changes that might have to happened in the development of the construction projects. The researcher will get an idea about the further development that might happen later and can mention those areas in the future scope of the research work. The readers will get an idea about the sections that have not been covered in the researc h paper and make use of the paper accordingly. Theoretical and managerial contributions of the study Theoretical research implications The future researchers could take help from the data that has been presented in the present research work. Even though, the present research mainly talks about the problems of the metro railway project of Hyderabad, there are other projects as well that are lying undone. Some of the problems that have been discussed in this research work might affect those projects as well (Jonassen Land, 2012). If any such construction problems are being studied in future, the factors that have been mentioned in this project could evaluated in the future discussions as well to know whether similar problems persist in those construction projects (Gopnik, 2012). Thus, theoretically, the future researcher will get an introduction to the types of problems that are being faced in the construction sites and it will be easier for them to frame their future projects. Conceptual model for further research Figure 4: Conceptual model for further research Managerial implications The research paper could be used by the managers well who are working for various construction companies. They might have also faced similar issues while completing their projects on time. The research paper will help those managers to get an idea about the problems that he or she might face while carrying out a research work (Taylor Taylor, 2012). On the other hand, the managers can use the solutions that have been given in the form of the recommendations in the paper if they face nay such kind of problems in the business (Edmans, 2012). On the other hand, the problems that might be faced by the people while a construction is going on and the workers will help the manager to make the situations better while they are working on other projects. Study limitations and future research Study limitations In such construction projects, developments happen on a regular basis. The developments can be negative as well as positive. The researcher has used the latest data required for the completion of the research work. However, it might happen that in the period of completion of the project, submission and publication of the project some more changes have happened in the field, which have not been recorded in the present research work. Similarly, the researcher has maintained a timetable to carry out the project. Some amount of time has been kept between the submission of the project and the collection of the data. New data might come in the period between the time of data analysis and the submission, which are not being analysed by the researcher. Thus, the readers might get a paper where some data is missing that have developed after the publication of the project. The secondary data is most important for the present research work. Many websites do not let all users access the data. The users either have to sign up for membership with website or might have to pay for a particular. In this way, the research gets affected. The researcher might not be able to sign up for the membership or pay for the paper due to various constraints. The readers will only get the data that could be accessed freely by the researchers. On the other hand, various governmental data is associated with the research work. The government websites might not give out all the information to the people and hence, the researcher has not been able to provide accurate data for the research. Moreover, it takes time for the government to incorporate all the data in the websites. If the government takes time to make the data available online, then also it will limit the research to the data that is available online in that period. Future research The present researcher talks about the social development of the place where the metro project is going on. The future researchers can carry out another researcher can the perspectives of the people who are the sufferers due to the delay in the project. The primary data could be collected from the people who could present their view. In the present research, the effects on the budget of the government are mainly discussed. Once a researcher will present the problems faced by the people who are living near the construction sites then the government will take special steps to complete the projects and work in a faster manner than it is doing in the present. The research should also have the statistics that will present the number of accidents that have taken place in the area where the construction is going on. The data will make the government realise the urgency of completing the projects in a timely manner Further research could be done on the life of the construction workers who are working for the metro projects and the duty is never ending for them. They would be able to throw light on the safety measures taken up by the government officials to protect the workers. The safety measure is another issue that is related to the construction project and the government should keep a part of the funds for the safety of the workers. When there is lack of funds the worker are also affected as they might not receive timely wages. In addition to this, they are unable to take up work elsewhere as they are already working for this project, which is getting delayed. Most of the construction companies pay the workers on daily basis. Thus, if the project is delayed, their income gets affected accordingly. A number of issues have been stated in the present research that speaks about the reason behind the delay in the project. Future researcher could carry out investigations in the areas which are causing delay in the projects. The people have the right to know the operations of the place, which is creating the delay in the projects. Once the problems in those areas will be highlighted, there is a chance that the problems might be solved accordingly. The construction of a particular site can then be completed within the given time once the problems of the associated parties are solved in a proper manner. References Annavarapu, R. (2016).Trailing Window: A Journey into Rail History.Partridge Publishing. Bayley, D. H. (2015).Police and political development in India.Princeton University Press. Bharath, K., Jain, S. K., Varun, K., Ramakrishna, N. (2015).Economic Analysis of Hyderabad Metro Rail Project.International Journal of Technology,5(2), 297-303. Das, A. P. D. S. (2014). Hidden Cost in Public Infrastructure Project: A Case Study of Kolkata EastWest Metro. InUrbanization in Asia(pp. 149-164).Springer India. De Waal, T., Puts, M., Daas, P. (2014). Statistical Data Editing of Big Data.Paper for the Royal Statistical. Economictimes.indiatimes.com (2016).The Economic Times. Retrieved 31 July 2016, from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ Edmans, A. (2012). The link between job satisfaction and firm value, with implications for corporate social responsibility.The Academy of Management Perspectives,26(4), 1-19. Fink, A. (2013).Conducting research literature reviews: from the Internet to paper. Sage Publications. Flick, U. (2015).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project.Sage. Gopnik, A. (2012). Scientific thinking in young children: Theoretical advances, empirical research, and policy implications.Science,337(6102), 1623-1627. Hertzog, C. (2014). On the utility of structural equation models for developmental research.Life-Span Devevelopment and Behavior,10, 257. Holmes, K. M. (2016).Research Ethics in the Ontario College Sector: An exploratory descriptive study of governance and administrative frameworks(Doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto). Hyderabad Metro Project May Get Delayed By 18 Months: LT - NDTV. (2016).Profit.ndtv.com. Retrieved 23 September 2016, from https://profit.ndtv.com/news/corporates/article-hyderabad-metro-project-may-get-delayed-by-18-months-l-t-1402752 Hyderabad Metro Rail.(2016).Hmr.gov.in. Retrieved 18 August 2016, from https://www.hmr.gov.in/ Hyderabad Metro.(2016).Hyderabad Metro.Retrieved 23 September 2016, from Mahalakshmi, B. (2016). Hyderabad Metro: One of worlds largest infra projects deadline pushed to Dec 2018; heres why. The Financial Express. Retrieved 23 September 2016, from https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/companies/hyderabad-metro-one-of-worlds-largest-infra-projects-deadline-pushed-to-dec-2018-heres-why/276808/ Jonassen, D., Land, S. (Eds.). (2012).Theoretical foundations of learning environments. Routledge. Kowalczyk, D. (2014). Purposes of Research: Exploratory, Descriptive Explanatory. Krippendorff, K. (2012).Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage. Mackey, A., Gass, S. M. (2015).Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. McMichael, P. (2016).Development and social change: A global perspective. Sage Publications. Nelson, K. (2015). Quantitative and qualitative research in psychological science.Biological Theory,10(3), 263-272. Pilaka, N., Nallathiga, R. (2015).Technical Analysis of the Hyderabad Metro Rail Project.International Journal of Technology,5(2), 304-310. Punch, K. F. (2013).Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Sage. Rea, L. M., Parker, R. A. (2014).Designing and conducting survey research: A comprehensive guide. John Wiley Sons. Reddy, P. V. R., Pimplikar, S. S. (2015). Productivity Aspects of Concrete Boom Placer in Hyderabad Metro Rail.International Journal,3(6). Rodrigues-da-Silva, L.H. Crispim, J.A. (2014). The project risk management process, a preliminary study.Procedia technology,16, pp.943-949. Sampson, R., Cooper, J., Barbour, R., Polson, R., Wilson, P. (2015). Patients perspectives on the medical primarysecondary care interface: systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research.BMJ open,5(10), e008708. Sharma, N., Dhyani, R., Gangopadhyay, S. (2013). Critical issues related to metro rail projects in India.Journal of Infrastructure Development,5(1), 67-86. Silverman, D. (Ed.). (2016).Qualitative research.Sage. Skoglund, C., Hermansson, U., Beck, O. (2015). Clinical trial of a new technique for drugs of abuse testing: a new possible sampling technique.Journal of substance abuse treatment,48(1), 132-136. Taylor, M., Taylor, A. (2012). The technology life cycle: Conceptualization and managerial implications.International journal of production economics,140(1), 541-553. Whitworth, J. J. (2015).The Role of Planning in Contemporary Urban India: Consequences and Lessons from the Hyderabad Metropolitan Rail: Telangana, India(Doctoral dissertation, University of Otago). Yoon, T., Gonzalez, J., Lee, R., Seo, M. (2015). A rapid sampling technique for isolating lipid-rich algae strains from environmental samples.

Linguistics and Children free essay sample

This assignment will firstly explain the meaning of the following terms, communicative competence and metalinguistic awareness. Observations have shown that children do imitate older peers and adults when speaking as well as signs of creativity from an early age when developing language. Then the second section will evaluate the roles of creativity and imitation in regards to learning spoken English. This assignment will focus on the spoken English of young children. Part 1 Communicative competence Is a term that refers to the way in which a language user communicates efficiently and successfully depends upon their communicative competence. Linguist Noam Chomsky depicted a variation within the term ‘linguistic’ which he divided into to competence and performance. The term linguistic performance is associated with incorrectly and/or repeated ungrammatical delivered actual utterances of language in use. Linguistic competence refers to the knowledge of the language system which will enable the speaker to distinguish the utterances that are grammatical in the language from those that are not. We will write a custom essay sample on Linguistics and Children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Chomsky, 1965 cited in Book3, pg 48) However linguist Hymes believed speakers need to attain distinctive skills in performance such as what is the socially appropriate turn of phrase to accomplish the desired effect as well as knowing when to speak. With regards to children as well as learning the construction and sounds of particular languages they are actually learning the discourse procedures of their communities. The term also incorporates word meaning, grammar and pronunciations well as applying language aptly, verbally, written and non- verbal cues such as body language. Book3, pg 201) Metalinguistic awareness Is a term used to define an individual’s ability to reflect on the use of language in with regards to clarifying the transfer of linguistic skills and knowledge across languages. When a language user’s metalinguistic awareness develops they start to create new and refined use of metaphors such as the simile â€Å"life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what you’re going to get† they also begin to realise that statements can have an implied meaning as well as a factual meaning. They may even start to identify sarcasm along with contrariness which connects with an individual’s capability of telling and /or understanding jokes, manipulating language (Kerper, 2009) Part 2 Children can acquire language as a result of imitation however it isn’t the initial method into language acquisition due to children demonstrating creative practice of language. (Book 3, pg 27) Infants produce a variety of sounds during the initial year of their life in addition to experimenting with vocal play. Book 3, pg 8) The rate of development differs between each child, for example it is rare for a child to skip the babbling stage, which usually occurs at the average age of 11months, and another factor that assists speech development is physiological maturation. (Book 3, pg9) Benedict, 1979 cited in Book 3, pg19 researched development of vocabulary of a small group of children (8) during the course of six months. The findings demonstrated children’s ability to unde rstand and create words between the ages of 10 months and on average 1 year 9 months. By the time the child is 11 months and 15 days they are usually attain a comprehension vocabulary of twenty words. The process of attaining words in production takes longer than it does in comprehension, comprehension can usually occurs 4 months before production. With regards to ‘imitation’ the role of the caregiver (a term used for those individuals who spend the most time interacting with and looking after the child. ) (Book 3, pg 11) much research has been done in this area whereby the emphasis is on a pair in this case it involves the child and their main caregiver, this is also known as a term called a dyad. The findings from this research revealed that the person the child has most direct contact with impart the language surroundings that the child will model. Other linguistic modelling that adults provide is through caregiving schedules, for instances bathing and feeding, these routines provide occasions for conventional interactions concerning language. ‘Peek a boo’ A customary game that is usually played between infant and caregiver and generally in Western cultures. Book 3, pg14) As a rule the adult attempts to grasp the infant’s interest the concealing their eyes behind a hand or an object after which a type of discourse occurs, for example the adult might say ‘Are you ready? ‘Then the infant’s vocalisations or actions are indicated as a response. This sequence of question –and – reply is continued until the apprehension develops at this point the adult takes their hand away or removes the object and says ‘Boo! ’ (Bo ok 3, pg 15) Trevarthen and Aitken , 2001 cited in Book 3, pg 15 believed this kind of game could be termed ‘protoconversations’, because it is similar to a conversation. It requires turn – taking, each person’s turn relies on the previous is input of the partner, therefore it is contingent, the partners understand the sequence disclose the same intention. Therefore this kind of interaction initiates ceremonial features of conversations before young children are able to speak but prompt passage to language. A universal observation made regarding the type of dialogue directed to children by adults is that the dialogue differs to that addressed to other adults. Consequently caregivers amend their dialogue for instance delivery slowed down, intonation is amplified and an elevated pitch may be used. Older children also adapt their dialogue for younger children comparable to adults, this is also evident that older children are emulating adults and implementing this technique to young children. (Book 3, pg15) this dialogue style is referred to as child directed speech (CDS). Clifton Pye, 1986 cited in Book 3, pg 16 observed a community in Central America called Quiche, they spoken one of the native Mayan languages. The results showed a difference in the way in which Quiche caregivers and Western caregivers adapt their dialogue for young children. Regardless of this cultural difference in caregiver – child interaction, the children in the Quiche community were able to speak fluently in their native language. Shirley Brice Heath’s research 1983 cited in Book 3, pg 16 of black working-class English speaking community discovered that adults in this community didn’t usually use ‘baby talk’ when interacting with young children. The ways in which children’s grammar develop could also be due to imitation as well. Descriptive grammar is a term referring to how children organise and structure speech, it doesn’t link to the correct ‘English’ people should use. Investigations into children’s grammar showed that a constant procedure is involved in the attainment of grammar. Crystal, 1995, cited in Book 3, pg 25 acknowledged seven stages ranging from formative years to adolescent. In the early stages of grammatical development children apply brief utterances of two to three words without any grammatical markers; children are usually aged between 18 months to 2 years. In the next stage of usually 3 years children start to add markers to words such as tense ( I played), plural (one cat, two cats). The second stage within Crystal’s paradigm is a term called telegraphic speech during this stage, children do not use grammatical markers instead they use verbs, temporal adverbs, adjectives and nouns. The crucial information is apparent because the details and trimmings are removed; this telegraphic quality is stated in children’s imitation of adult’s speech. Also during the second stage it has been noted that children’s speech will likely to be: a more water; baby drink; allgone sticky. However in this instance it is unlikely that children will have heard adults make these types of utterances which means they can be depicted as unique utterances, and since the meaning will be comprehensible, this utterance can also be viewed as a success. This all goes to illustrate that even at the first stages of language development children are showcasing their creativity. Most adults especially parents have heard their child/ran emulate them using adult expression and even intonation. With regards to creativity and language development, numerous researches from the theories L. S. Vygotsky (1967) and Jean Piaget (1962) cited in Gillen, 2009 has found that there is a substantial link between play and language learning. Play encourages children’s imaginative thought process through playing with objects that will then eventually lead to a better understanding of their environment. As the child’s ability to create more meaningful representations develop so does the more complex their play becomes. Bloom, 1993, p. 16 cited in Gillen, 2009, p 56. Observed that a ‘spurt’ in first words was usually due to development in play behaviours. From observations children unconsciously obtain rules about real-life behaviour, and implement what they have observed into their play with a mixture of their own imagination. When children are involved in pretence games with other children it is called sociodramatic play, within this type of play it is suggested that children practice different registers of talk that they observe to fit in with that role. To conclude it seems as though the interactions typically viewed of caregivers and infants are not essential and general characteristic initial language experience. There was a variance in comprehension and creation of vocabulary. Evidence derived from research of language acquisition is usually carried out from a limited collection of cultural and social backgrounds so the findings of primitive grammatical development in English are from language users of the normal criterion of the language.

Iconology and Semiotics Comparison Essay Example

Iconology and Semiotics Comparison Essay Example Iconology and Semiotics Comparison Essay Iconology and Semiotics Comparison Essay 11/11/2013 Edgar Gomes Prof. Brooks, Art History and Appreciation II Art Paper # 2: Iconology and Semiotics Comparison We as humans all have an item or two that has been passed down or inherited. Whether it is from a family member or a close friend, we have received something that has a deep meaning and/or tells a story about someone or something that extremely relates to ones self. The meaning the original object or story holder has, does not mean it is understood by others who hold the same story or object. As a 2 years old kid, I received a tiny sphere shaped black stone pendant, with white polka ots and gold plates on the north and south points. As I got older and was explained what it meant to our culture, I started understanding and appreciating it as I grew older. The sphere is supposed to protect the person who receives it from all evil and bad luck. It is usually given to the children from the mother or a close family member. Also the purpose and meaning is defeated if someone gives their selves the sphere. To other cultures, or people I am sure the sphere is considered Just a gifted sphere from someone with nothing else but an object and over seen as such an intangible meaning and beliefs. In the art world this situation is consider iconology and/or semiotics. During this paper I will be discussing how I think iconology and semiotics are very similar. In our everyday lives we go through things we dont know the meanings of or how it came about. Iconology is a great deal of this concept. Iconology is the study of visual imagery and its symbolism and interpretation, especially in art, social and political terms. This term was given by the Erwin Panofsky (1892 1968) when he published Studies in Iconology during 1939. In Panofskys study of art objects and images there are 3 points. The 1st level is as simple as identification. For example, if I showed you a picture of a man with armor on his body and sword in his hand, you are going to automatically identify the man as a warrior without anyone telling you that. The 2nd point is connecting artistic patterns with concepts, themes or conventional meaning. This step is linking what you know about the artist patterns based on theme and concepts. His 3rd point is probably best explained when quoted, It is apprehended by ascertaining those underlying principles which reveal the basic attitude of a nation, a period, class, a religious or hilosophical persuasion qualified by one personality and condensed into one workl . In other words Panofsky is saying that we have to use our own interpretation from common knowledge of the art product in order to comprehend it. If I asked anyone to think of and draw an old school cowboy, I would most likely have the same description of one as they would. He would have mulatto/dark skin, bow and arrows, fit/muscular body and a gentleman on a horse. However, if I asked for someone to think of a modern cowboy, they would think of the latest Caucasian, wild west, big ough hands, horse riding, with a gun on the waist or ankle holster and whos an asshole to most people. I am sure these are the image that comes to most peoples mind who thinks of those two different cowboys. This here to me is a great example cowboys thru pictures, art, movies and stories. The items/obJects and descriptions of the cowboys are icons to us and how we relate to who they are and what period of time it is. Semiotics is the study of symbols, signs and interpretation. In other words, it is the observation and use of signs and symbols. In the art worlds the nterpretation is all about the audience/viewer. Whatever it is they intake and digests about the art work, symbol or signs is what matters in this case. Semiotics happens to use in an everyday life basis and some of us dont even know or care for. Just as iconology, it has to do a lot with cultural, religion, nation, and period in time. All those points that connect iconology and semiotics are Just plain knowledge and experience in my opinion. With both having very strong similarities as one basically makes the other. Also it wouldnt be far fetching if someone can said they basically make each ther. I would not disagree with someone that says that because I find that totally acceptable. With iconology comes a symbol and representation of what you know and can identify with a person or a thing. That meaning comes from the persons logic, knowledge, culture, nation and period in time. In my opinion, the only little difference from the two mythology is where the person has no info or knowledge personally or given of the art work. For example, in 1943, Pablo Picasso described this to photographer George Brassal about his Bulls Headii artwork, Guess how I made the bulls head? One day, in a pile of objects all Jumbled up together, I found an old bicycle seat right next to a rusty set of handlebars. In a flash, they Joined together in my head. The idea of the Bulls Head came to me before I had a chance to think. All I did was weld them together [but] if you were only to see the bulls head and not the bicycle seat and handlebars that form it, the sculpture would lose some of its impact. 2 This is why I believe that both mythologies are so similar and feed off one another. In iconology terms this object could be a symbol that people have seen most nd relate the most from before throughout their life time, and it would most likely and up signifying a bicycle which most people have seen and relate to, appose to a bull. At the same time, someone can get to that same conclusion using Semiotics because if all one sees visually is what they had experienced in the past, which in this case I am sure most people have seen and dealt with a bicycle more than a bulls head. So naturally those people are going to relate to the sculpture as a bicycle. Experience and knowledge has a lot to do with these two mythologies and how one reacts visual, emotionally, and mentally. Another example I can give about how these two are very similar but yet a bit different is on the title. Without the title of the art work, there is no telling what a persons idea of the sculpture would be. However, given the title, which would affect the iconic knowledge of a person, people would surely have the idea that the sculpture is a bulls head. That little difference of where someone or something tells you what something means can be the difference in how you intake something solely based on your own opinion, emotion, or knowledge. To conclude, iconology and semiotics have extreme similarities but however do have a mall difference in my opinion. They actually even collaborate with each other because seeing and understanding something means you need the base knowledge of something. Something involving iconology is when an icon or object has been given to you over time with other art work knowledge, which is sometimes slightly perspective of the art work can be different since is Just based on the persons own emotion, knowledge, experience and time. As the example that I gave earlier about the Bulls Head, The mythologies are so similar that they basically lead to the same utlook and view on how one might end up getting the same perspective of the art work. However, they are still a tiny different and a small change to the detail as the title being given. Also knowing that Picasso was a Spaniard, and having the very common knowledge that it is a yearly tradition that they have the running of the bulls in Spain, can make the difference within the two mythologies. i Cape Verdean spirit sphere/ball pendant ii Penrose, Roland (1981). Picasso: His Life and Work, Third edition. University of californta press. p. 345. ISBN 0-520-04207-7.

History of the US Congressional Gag Rule

History of the US Congressional Gag Rule The gag rule was a legislative tactic employed by southern members of Congress beginning in the 1830s to prevent any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives. The silencing of slavery opponents was accomplished by a resolution first passed in 1836 and renewed repeatedly for eight years. The suppression of free speech in the House was naturally deemed offensive to northern members of Congress and their constituents. What came to be widely known as the gag rule faced opposition for years, most notably from former president John Quincy Adams. Adams, who had been elected to Congress following one frustrating and unpleasant presidential term in the 1820s, became the champion of anti-slavery sentiment on Capitol Hill. And his stubborn opposition to the gag rule became a rallying point for the growing abolitionist movement in America. The gag rule was finally rescinded in December 1844. The tactic had been successful in its immediate goal, the silencing of any debate about slavery in Congress. But in the long term, the gag rule was counterproductive... The tactic came to be viewed as patently unfair and undemocratic Attacks upon Adams, which ranged from attempts to censure him in Congress to a constant stream of death threats, eventually made his opposition to slavery a more popular cause. The heavy-handed suppression of debate over slavery heightened  the deepening divide in the country in the decades before the Civil War. And the battles against the gag rule worked to bring abolitionist sentiment, which had been considered a fringe belief, closer to the mainstream of American public opinion. Background to the Gag Rule Compromises over slavery had made the ratification of the United States Constitution possible. And in the early years of the country, the issue of slavery was generally absent in Congressional debates. One time it arose was in 1820 when the Missouri Compromise set a precedent about the addition of new states. Slavery was being made illegal in the northern states in the early 1800s. In the South, thanks to the growth of the cotton industry, the institution of slavery were only getting stronger. And there seemed to be no hope of abolishing it through legislative means.   The U.S. Congress, including nearly all members from the North, accepted that slavery was legal under the Constitution, and it was an issue for the individual states. However, in one particular instance, Congress did have a role to play in slavery, and that was in the District of Columbia. The district was ruled by Congress, and slavery was legal in the district. That would become an occasional point of debate, as congressmen from the North would periodically urge that slavery in the District of Columbia be outlawed. Until the 1830s, slavery, as abhorrent as it may have been to many Americans, was simply not discussed much in the government. A provocation by abolitionists in the 1830s, the pamphlet campaign, in which anti-slavery pamphlets were mailed to the South, changed that for a time. The issue of what could be sent through the federal mails suddenly made anti-slavery literature a highly controversial federal issue. But the pamphlet campaign fizzled out, as mailing pamphlets which would be seized and burned in southern streets were seen as simply impractical. And anti-slavery campaigners began to rely more on a new tactic, petitions sent to Congress. The right of petition was enshrined in the First Amendment. Though often overlooked in the modern world, the right to petition the government was held in very high regard in the early 1800s. When citizens began sending anti-slavery petitions to Congress, the House of Representatives would be confronted with the increasingly contentious debate about slavery. And, on Capitol Hill, it meant pro-slavery legislators began to seek a way to avoid dealing with the anti-slavery petitions entirely. John Quincy Adams in Congress The issue of petitions against slavery, and the efforts by southern legislators to suppress them did not begin with John Quincy Adams. But it was the former president who brought great attention to the issue and who persistently kept the matter controversial. Adams occupied a unique place in early America. His father, John Adams, had been a founder of the nation, the first vice president, and the country’s second president. His mother, Abigail Adams, was, like her husband, a dedicated opponent of slavery. In November 1800 John and Abigail Adams became the original inhabitants of the White House, which was still unfinished. They had previously lived in places where slavery was legal, though waning in actual practice. But they found it particularly offensive to look from the windows of the president’s mansion and see groups of slaves working to build the new federal city. Their son, John Quincy Adams, inherited their abhorrence of slavery. But during his public career, as a senator, diplomat, secretary of state, and president, there hadn’t been much he could do about it. The position of the federal government was that slavery was legal under the Constitution. And even an anti-slavery president, in the early 1800s, was essentially forced to accept it. Adams lost his bid for a second presidential term when he lost the very bitter election of 1828 to Andrew Jackson. And he returned to Massachusetts in 1829, finding himself, for the first time in decades, with no public duty to perform. Some local citizens where he lived encouraged him to run for Congress. In the style of the time, he professed to have little interest in the job but said if the voters chose him, he would serve. Adams was overwhelmingly elected to represent his district in the U.S. House of Representatives. For the first and only time, an American president would serve in Congress after leaving the White House. After moving back to Washington, in 1831, Adams spent time becoming familiar with the rules of Congress. And when the Congress went into session, Adams began what would turn into a lengthy battle against southern pro-slavery politicians. A newspaper, the New York Mercury, published, in the issue of December 21, 1831, a dispatch about events in Congress on December 12, 1831: Numerous petitions and memorials were presented in the House of Representatives. Among them were 15 from the citizens of the Society of Friends in Pennsylvania, praying for the consideration of the question of slavery, with a view to its abolition, and for the abolition of the traffic of slaves within the District of Columbia. The petitions were presented by John Quincy Adams, and referred to the Committee on the District. By introducing the anti-slavery petitions from Pennsylvania Quakers, Adams had acted audaciously. However, the petitions, once they were sent to the House committee which administered the District of Columbia, were tabled and forgotten. For the next few years, Adams periodically presented similar petitions. And the anti-slavery petitions were always sent into procedural oblivion. In late 1835 southern members of Congress began to get more aggressive about the issue of anti-slavery petitions. Debates about how to suppress them occurred in Congress and Adams became energized to fight the efforts to stifle free speech. On January 4, 1836, a day on which members could present petitions to the House, John Quincy Adams introduced an innocuous petition related to foreign affairs. He then introduced another petition, sent to him by citizens of Massachusetts, calling for the abolition of slavery. That created a stir in the House chamber. The speaker of the house, future president and Tennessee congressman James K. Polk, invoked complicated parliamentary rules to prevent Adams from presenting the petition. Throughout January 1836 Adams continued to try to introduce anti-slavery petitions, which were met with an endless invocation of various rules to ensure they wouldn’t be considered. The House of Representatives bogged down completely. And a committee was formed to come up with procedures to handle the petition situation. Introduction of the Gag Rule The committee met for several months to come up with a way to suppress the petitions. In May 1836 the committee produced the following resolution, which served to completely silence any discussion of slavery: â€Å"All petitions, memorials, resolutions, propositions, or papers, relating in any way, or to any extent whatsoever, to the subject of slavery or the abolition of slavery, shall, without being either printed or referred, be laid on the table and that no further action whatever shall be had thereon.† On May 25, 1836, during a heated Congressional debate on the proposal to silence any talk of slavery, Congressman John Quincy Adams tried to take the floor. Speaker James K. Polk refused to recognize him and called on other members instead. Adams eventually got a chance to speak but was quickly challenged and told the points he wished to make were not debatable. As Adams tried to speak, he was interrupted by Speaker Polk. A newspaper in Amherst, Massachusetts, The Farmer’s Cabinet, on June 3, 1836 issue, reported on the anger shown by Adams in the May 25, 1836 debate: â€Å"At another stage of the debate, he appealed again from a decision of the Speaker, and cried out, ‘I am aware there is a slave-holding Speaker in the Chair.’ The confusion which ensued was immense.â€Å"Affairs having gone against Mr. Adams, he exclaimed Mr. Speaker, am I gagged or not? â€Å" That question posed by Adams would become famous. And when the resolution to suppress talk of slavery passed the House, Adams received his answer. He was indeed gagged. And no talk of slavery would be allowed on the floor of the House of Representatives. Continuous Battles Under the rules of the House of Representatives, the gag rule had to be renewed at the outset of each new session of Congress. So over the course of four Congresses, a span of eight years, the southern members of Congress, along with willing northerners, were able to pass the rule anew. Opponents of the gag rule, most notably John Quincy Adams, continued to battle against it whenever they could. Adams, who had acquired the nickname â€Å"Old Man Eloquent,† frequently sparred with southern congressmen as he would try to bring the subject of slavery into House debates. As Adams became the face of opposition to the gag rule, and to slavery itself, he began to receive death threats. And at times resolutions were introduced in Congress to censure him. In early 1842, a debate over whether to censure Adams essentially amounted to a trial. Accusations against Adams and his fiery defenses appeared in newspapers for weeks. The controversy served to make Adams, at least in the North, a heroic figure battling for the principle of free speech and open debate. Adams was never formally censured, as his reputation probably prevented his opponents from ever gathering the necessary votes. And in his old age, he continued to engage in blistering rhetoric. At times he baited southern congressmen, taunting them over their ownership of slaves. The End of the Gag Rule The gag rule persisted  for eight years. But over time the measure was seen by more and more Americans as essentially anti-democratic. Northern members of Congress who had gone along with it in the late 1830s, in the interest of compromise, or simply as a surrender to the power of the slave states, began to turn against it. In the nation at large, the abolitionist movement had been seen, in the early decades of the 19th century, as a small band on the outer fringe of society. Abolitionist editor  William Lloyd Garrison had even been attacked on the streets of Boston. And the Tappan Brothers, New York merchants who often financed abolitionist activities, were routinely threatened. Yet, if the abolitionists were widely viewed as a fanatical fringe, tactics like the gag rule made the pro-slavery factions appear just as extreme. The suppression of free speech in the halls of Congress became untenable to northern members of Congress. On December 3, 1844, John Quincy Adams put forth a motion to rescind the gag rule. The motion passed,  by a vote in the House of Representatives of 108 to 80. And the rule which had prevented debate over slavery was no longer in force. Slavery, of course, was not ended in America until the Civil War. So being able to debate the issue in Congress did not bring an end to slavery. Yet, by opening up a debate, changes in thinking were made possible. And the national attitude toward slavery was no doubt affected. John Quincy Adams served in Congress for four years after the gag rule was rescinded. His opposition to slavery inspired younger politicians who could carry on his fight. Adams collapsed at his desk in the House chamber on February 21, 1848. He was carried to the speakers office and died there the following day. A young Whig congressman who had been present when Adams collapsed, Abraham Lincoln, was a member of the delegation which traveled to Massachusetts for the funeral of Adams.

Womens Liberation through the Equal Rights Amendment Research Paper - 1

Womens Liberation through the Equal Rights Amendment - Research Paper Example The aim of this scholarly treatise is not only to provide pertinent information regarding the women rights advocacy but also to demonstrate insightful ideas and recommendations for the now and the future. In 1848, the first-ever Women’s Rights Convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York. Abolitionists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott spearheaded the two-day meeting of over 300 people who rallied for justice and equality for women who author outline from the rights and privileges of a citizen. The said convention generated the Declaration of Sentiments among other eleven resolutions denouncing inequality and proposing suffrage. However, the nation was far from ready to seriously pay attention to the issue of women’s rights and thought that the call for justice was not only ridiculous but also a worthless endeavor (Becker 39). After the Civil War, while the constitutional reformation centered on giving freedom to the slaves, Susan B. Anthony and Sojourner Truth, as well as the already-veteran Stanton, fought for the legal ground of providing the same civil and political rights that men enjoy to the American woman. Citing the 14th and 15th Amendments of the Constitution that the right to vote shall not be deprived to citizens on basis of their race, color and previous states of servitude, these women freedom fighters underscored the obvious and utter neglect of women in the laws of the land (Whitney 57).   In 1872 during the presidential election, Anthony cast her ballot in one of the poll precincts in New York invoking her right as a citizen as provided in the 14th Amendment. Her somehow rebellious act prompted her arrest, conviction and a penalty of $100, which she refused to pay.

Ethics in Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Ethics in Criminal Justice - Essay Example icer should then try to reason with the individuals before pulling the trigger and should not just assume the worst and commit an extreme act of killing a person. This is an approach where the concept of relativity in ethics needs to be considered. Given the current situation, speed traps may be used to garner revenue but everything needs to be done in a limited manner. The police officer in charge should try to find an alternate option to raise funds. Until such a situation is resolved, speed traps may be used to collect revenue but the same must be restricted to at most one or two per day. This is because it is ethically not permissible to set up speed traps just for raising funds. According to the utilitarianism approach to ethics this is a totally wrong strategy. Hence, a middle path needs to be determined. The character of a protector of ethics to drive and encourage ethical behavior is virtue ethics. On the other hand, utilitarianism focuses on driving the right behaviors. In fact utilitarianism is interested in the outcomes of the actions and does not care about the intentions which motivate these outcomes. On the other hand, formal ethics is concerned with moral judgments. In this incident, the character should have taken a relative path to ethics as taking the path of virtue ethics has deemed him to be an arch enemy of the police force of an entire nation. To a certain extent, one must abide by the cultures and norms which are prevalent in a certain culture or society. The reasoning behind the statement is in line with the proponents of virtue ethics. This is again a scenario of ethical dilemma. The case details the amount of violations committed by the FBI. This is an abuse of power and hence according to ethics is not permissible. Utilitarianism is concerned with the final results and not with the intentions to commit the act. Hence this concept of ethics will support the approach of not eliminating such powers. However the relativity theory of ethics

Crevecoeur Letter What is an American Essay Example for Free

Crevecoeur Letter What is an American Essay Discussion question: What, to Crà ¨vecoeur, are  the differences between a European subject and an American citizen? I WISH I could be acquainted with the feelings and thoughts which must agitate the heart and present themselves to the mind of an enlightened Englishman, when he first lands on this continent. He must greatly rejoice that he lived at a time to see this fair country discovered and settled; he must necessarily feel a share of national pride, when he views the chain of settlements which embellishes these extended shores. When he says to himself, this is the work of my countrymen, who, when convulsed by factions, afflicted by a variety of miseries and wants, restless and impatient, took refuge here. They brought along with them their national genius, to which they principally owe what liberty they enjoy, and what substance they possess. Here he sees the industry of his native country displayed in a new manner, and traces in their works the embryos of all the arts, sciences, and ingenuity which flourish in Europe. Here he beholds fair cities, substantial villages, extensive fields, an immense country filled with decent houses, good roads, orchards, meadows, and bridges, where an hundred years ago all was wild, woody and uncultivated!†¦. He is arrived on a new continent; a modern society offers itself to his contemplation, different from what he had hitherto seen. It is not composed, as in Europe, of great lords who possess every thing and of a herd of people who have nothing. Here are no aristocratic families, no courts, no kings, no bishops, no ecclesiastical dominion, no invisible power giving to a few a very visible one; no great manufacturers employing thousands, no great refinements of luxury. The rich and the poor are not so far removed from each other as they are in Europe. Some few towns excepted, we are all tillers of the earth, from Nova Scotia to West Florida. We are a people of cultivators, scattered over an immense territory communicating with each other by means of good roads and navigable rivers, united by the silken bands of mild government, all respecting the laws, without dreading their power, because they are equitable. We are all animated with the spirit of an industry which is unfettered and unrestrained, because each person works for himself. If he travels through our rural districts he views not the hostile castle, and the haughty mansion, contrasted with the clay-built hut and miserable cabin, where cattle and men help to keep each other warm, and dwell in meanness, smoke, and indigence. A pleasing uniformity of decent competence appears throughout our habitations. The meanest of our loghouses is a dry and comfortable habitation. Lawyer or merchant are the fairest titles our towns afford; that of a farmer is the only appellation of the rural inhabitants of our country. It must take some time here (before) he can reconcile himself to our dictionary, which is but short in words of dignity, and names of honour†¦.. We have no princes, for whom we toil, starve, and bleed: we are the most perfect society now existing in the world. Here man is free; as he ought to be; nor is this pleasing equality so transitory as many others are. Many ages will not see the shores of our great lakes replenished with inland nations, nor the unknown bounds of North America  entirely peopled. Who can tell how far it extends? Who can tell the millions of men whom it will feed and contain? for no European foot has as yet traveled half the extent of this mighty continent! The next wish of this traveler will be to know whence came all these people? they are mixture of English, Scotch, Irish, French, Dutch, Germans, and Swedes. From this promiscuous breed, that race now called Americans have arisen. The eastern provinces must indeed be excepted, as being the unmixed descendants of Englishmen. I have heard many wish that they had been more intermixed also: for my part, I am no wisher, and think it much better as it has happened†¦.. I know it is fashionable to reflect on them, but I respect them for what they have done; for the accuracy and wisdom with which they have settled their territory; for the decency of their manners; for their  early love of letters; their ancient college, the first in this hemisphere; for their industry; which to me who am but a farmer, is the criterion of everything. There never was a people, situated as they are, who with so ungrateful a soil have done more in so short a time†¦.. In this great American asylum, the poor of Europe have by some means met together, and in consequence of various causes; to what purpose should they ask one another what countrymen they are? Alas, two thirds of them had no country. Can a wretch who wanders about, who works and starves, whose life is a continual scene of sore affliction or pinching penury; can that man call England or any other kingdom his country? A country that had no bread for him, whose fields procured him no harvest, who met with nothing but the frowns of the rich, the severity of the laws, with jails and punishments; who owned not a single foot of the extensive surface of this planet? No! urged by a variety of motives, here they came. Every thing has tended to regenerate them; new laws, a new mode of living, a new social system; here they are become men: in Europe they were as so many useless plants, wanting vegitative mould, and refreshing showers; they withered, and were mowed down by want, hunger, and war; bu t now by the power of transplantation, like all other plants they have taken root and flourished! Formerly they were not numbered in any civil lists of their country, except in those of the poor; here they rank as citizens. By what invisible power has this surprising metamorphosis been performed? By that of the laws and that of their industry. The laws, the indulgent laws, protect them as they arrive, stamping on them the symbol of adoption; they receive ample rewards for their labours; these accumulated rewards procure them lands; those lands confer on them the title of freemen, and to that title every benefit is affixed which men can possibly require. This is the great operation daily performed by our laws. From whence proceed these laws? From our government. Whence the government? It is derived from the original genius and strong desire of the people ratified and confirmed by the crown. This is the great chain which links us all †¦.. What attachment can a poor European emigrant have for a country where he had nothing? The knowledge of the language, the love of a few kindred as poor as  himself, were the only cords that tied him: his country is now that which gives him land, bread, protection, and consequence†¦..What then is the American, this new man? He is either an European, or the descendant of an European, hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country. I could point out to you a family whose grandfather was an Englishman, whose wife was Dutch, whose son married a French woman, and whose present four sons have now four wives of different nations. He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient  prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds. He becomes an American by being received in the broad lap of our great Alma Mater. Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labours and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world. Americans are the western pilgrims, who are carrying along with them that great mass of arts, sciences, vigour, and industry which began long since in the east; they will finish the great circle. The Americans were once scattered all over Europe; here they are incorporated into one of the finest systems of population which has ever appeared, and which will hereafter become distinct by the power of the different climates they inhabit. The American ought therefore to love this country much better than that wherein either he or his forefathers were born. Here the rewards of his industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labour; his labour is founded on the basis of nature, self-interest; can it want a stronger allurement? Wives and children, who before in vain demanded of him a morsel of bread, now, fat and frolicsome, gladly help their father to clear those fields whence exuberant crops are to arise to feed and to clothe them all; without any part being claimed, either by a despotic prince, a rich abbot, or a mighty lord. I lord religion demands but little of him; a small voluntary salary to the minister, and gratitude to God; can he refuse these? The American is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions†¦..This is an American.  (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..)Men are like plants; the goodness and flavour of the fruit proceeds from the peculiar soil and exposition in which they grow. We are nothing but what we derive from the air we breathe, the climate we inhabit, the government we obey, the system of religion we profess, and the nature of our employment. Here you will find but few crimes; these have acquired as yet no root among us. I wish I were able to trace all my ideas; if my ignorance prevents me from describing them properly, I hope I shall be able to delineate a few of the outlines, which are all I propose. Those who live near the sea, feed more on fish than on flesh, and often encounter that boisterous element. This renders them more bold and enterprising; this leads them to neglect the confined occupations of the land. They see and converse with a variety of people; their intercourse with mankind becomes extensive. The sea inspires them with a love of traffic, a desire of transporting produce from one place to another; and leads them to a variety of resources which supply the place of labour. Those who inhabit the middle settlements, by far the most numerous, must be very different; the simple cultivation of the earth purifies them, but the indulgences of the government, the soft remonstrances of religion, the rank of independent freeholders, must necessarily inspire them with sentiments, very little known in Europe among people of the same class. What do I say? Europe has no such class of men; the early knowledge they acquire, the early bargains they make, give them a great degree of sagacity. As freemen they will be litigious; pride and obstinacy are often the cause of law suits; the nature of our laws and governments may be another. As citizens it is easy to imagine, that they will carefully read the newspapers, enter into every political disquisition, freely blame or censure governors and others. As farmers they will be careful and anxious to get as much as they can, because what they get is their own. As northern men they will love the cheerful cup. As Christians, religion curbs them not in their opinions; the general indulgence leaves every one to  think for themselves in spiritual matters; the laws inspect our actions, our  thoughts are left to God. Industry, good living, selfishness, litigiousness, country politics, the pride of freemen, religious indifference, are their characteristics. If you recede still farther from the sea, you will come into more modern settlements; they exhibit the same strong lineaments, in a ruder appearance. Religion seems to have still less influence, and their manners are less improved. Now we arrive near the great woods, near the last inhabited districts; there men seem to be placed still farther beyond the reach of government, which in some measure leaves them to themselves. How can it pervade every corner; as they were driven there by misfortunes, necessity of beginnings, desire of acquiring large tracks of land, idleness, frequent want of economy, ancient debts; the re-union of such people does not afford a very pleasing spectacle. When discord, want of unity and friendship; when either drunkenness or idleness prevail in such remote districts; contention, inactivity, and wretchedness must ensue. There are not the same remedies to these evils as in a long established community. The few magistrates they have, are in general little better than the rest; they are often in a perfect state of war; that of man against man, sometimes decided by blows, sometimes by means of the law; that of man against every wild inhabitant of these venerable woods, of which they are com e to dispossess them. There men appear to be no better than carnivorous animals of a superior rank, living on the flesh of wild animals when they can catch them, and when they are not able, they subsist on grain. He who wish to see America in its proper light, and have a true idea of its feeble beginnings barbarous rudiments, must visit our extended line of frontiers where the last settlers dwell, and where he may see the first labours of the mode of clearing the earth, in their different appearances; where men are wholly left dependent on their native tempers, and on the spur of uncertain industry, which often fails when not sanctified by the efficacy of a few moral rules. There, remote from the power of example, and check of shame, many families exhibit the most hideous parts of our society†¦..(But after ten or twelve years) prosperity will polish some, vice and the law will drive off the rest, who uniting again with others like themselves will recede still farther; making room for more industrious people, who will finish their improvements, convert the  loghouse into a convenient habitation, and rejoicing that the first heavy labours are finished, will change in a few years that hit herto barbarous country into a fine fertile, well regulated district. Such is our progress, such is the march of the Europeans toward the interior parts of this continent. In all societies there are off-casts; this impure part serves as our precursors or pioneers; my father himself was one of that class, but he came upon honest principles, and was therefore one of the few who held fast; by good conduct and temperance, he transmitted to me his fair inheritance, when not above one in fourteen of his contemporaries had the same good fortune†¦. Exclusive of those general characteristics, each province has its own, founded on the government, climate, mode of husbandry, customs, and peculiarity of circumstances. Europeans submit insensibly to these great powers, and become, in the course of a few generations, not only Americans in general, but either Pennsylvanians, Virginians, or provincials under some other name. Whoever traverses the continent must easily observe those strong differences, which will grow more evident in time. The inhabitants of Canada, Massachusetts, the middle provinces, the southern ones will be as different as their climates; thei r only points of unity will be those of religion and language.